Factors Influencing Strategy Implementation - Free Essay Example

The aim of this module is to produce a 4000 word research proposal that would be capable for supporting the preparation of a Masterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s dissertation. The project report would include an introduction including a title, which would highlight the content of this business document providing a background, informing the reader of the problem / issue at hand and the context of the situation that would be discussed. The research issue would be provided highlighting the importance of the issue in todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ever-changing and competitive, cut-throat business environment. Adequate linkages would be provided to co-relate the research aims, research objectives, research questions and the hypothesis as such generated. A coherent and critical literature review would follow demonstrating the knowledge of the literature available and linking it to the situation which would be investigated. A research design and methodology would be adopted to investigate the concerned issue providing a rationale as to how the research objectives are to be accomplished explaining the selection of the research paradigm. The research design would include the methods of data capture, the data access issues, the analysis and the interpretation means that would be used to assess the situation and appropriate reasons would be provided for the choice of research tools used. Relevant ethical issues underpinning the research objectives would also be discussed along-with the resources required to complete the research proposal. The last part of this management report would include a timetable that would provide the time that it took to complete each part of the research proposal along-with a list of references utilized to complete the report. INTRODUCTION TITLE: FACTORS INFLUENCING STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION BACKGROUND The title of this research proposal is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“factors influencing strategy implementationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Before we discuss the issue and highlight the importance of the issue in the context of the report it is of prime importance to understand the concept of strategy implementation itself. It is the process by which the business strategy formulated is put into action. It includes the design and management of organizational systems to achieve the best integration of people and structure, allocating resources, managing human resources and developing information and decision processes to achieve organizational objectives. Pierce and Robinson  note that to effectively direct and control the use of the firms resources, mechanisms such as organizational structure, information systems, leadership styles, assignment of key managers, budgeting, rewards, and control systems are essential strategy implementation ingredients. After the creative and analytical aspects of the corporate strategy have been formulated the priority of the management is to convert the strategy into operationally effective action. A strategy is never complete, until it gains a commitment of the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s resources and becomes embodied in its organizational structure. Strategy implementation is an iterative process of implementing strategies, policies, programs and action plans that allows a firm to utilize its resources to take advantage of opportunities in the competitive environment (Harrington, 2006). There is no one definition of strategy implementation as seen from the above citations but for the purpose of this report, taking into consideration the definitions above we can define strategy implementation as an iterative, dynamic and a complex process, which comprises of series of decisions and activities by the management and the administration those affected by many interrelated internal and external factors, to turn strategic plans into reality in order to achieve the objectives of the firm. RATIONALE FOR THE STUDY This part of the report would highlight the aim and the objectives of the research, discussing the issue chosen and its importance by proposing a research question and providing an answer to it in the literature review. Many studies have acknowledged that business strategies often fail not because of inadequate strategy formulation, but because of an inappropriate implementation strategy. This report would study the factors that enable or impede effective strategy implementation. This report would highlight how strategy implementation has been researched so far and how this field may be moved forward so as to help in effective execution of a business strategy. As a result of the literature review undertaken, the report has found nine critical factors for strategy implementation that will be discussed further in the literature. Formulation of an effective strategy, making the strategy work and implementing it throughout the company is a difficult task (Hrebiniak, 2006). Many factors potentially affect the process by which strategic plans are turned into organizational action. Unlike strategy formulation, strategy implementation is more of a craft, rather than a science. After successful formulation of the business strategy, difficulties usually arise during the subsequent implementation process. If the business strategy formulated is not applied correctly to all the aspects of the organisational structure the business model would fail, thus harming the organisation in many aspects, the major being the financial capability of the firm, which would take a huge blow. It is of prime importance to get the implementation right otherwise there would be huge losses for the firm. Noble (1999b) notes, the best-formulated strategies may fail to produce superior performance for the firm if they are not successfully implemented. This issue is of utmost importance in todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s day and age because of the cut-throat competition in the ever-changing business world where each firm needs to keep re-modelling their policies and procedures to keep up with the change in the external and internal business environment. There are combination of issues that influence the success of strategy implementation, ranging from the people who communicate or implement the strategy to the systems or mechanisms in place for co-ordination and control. How can we better understand these issues and their importance for successful strategy implementation? In this report we try to respond to this question by the critical analysis of the existing research on the factors that influence strategy implementation. An analysis has been conducted of the most widely used literature databases to identify key factors influencing the process of strategy implementation, to surface current areas of agreement and disagreement on the topic. LITERATURE REVIEW In the following section, the report would review the study sources and assess their research context, theoretical bases, their main results and the research methods used as well as the analytical techniques which are employed for the study. The examined organizational levels and organizational types are the two elements of the research context. The core of the literature review, would concentrate on the nine factors identified through rigorous analysis of the study sources, that play a role in influencing strategy implementation success, as well as the frameworks or models that aggregate or relate the relevant factors to each other. This is followed by the discussion of the theoretical bases of the reviewed studies. Finally, the research methods and analytical techniques adopted will be reviewed to see which methods are still underutilized in the context of strategy implementation. By carrying out a literature review of the existing studies, the report found two types of strategy implementation studies: one that highlight the importance of the individual factors for strategy implementation and the second that emphasize the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“big pictureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ of how the single factors interrelate and form a strategic implementation environment. The research would highlight nine recurring, individual factors that influence strategy implementation. They are namely the strategy formulation process, the strategy executors (managers, employees), the organizational structure, the communication activities, the level of commitment for the strategy, the consensus regarding the strategy, the relationships among different units/departments and different strategy levels, the employed implementation tactics, and the administrative system in place. THE NINE FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE STARTEGY IMPLEMENTATION 1. Strategy Formulation If the corporate strategy drafted by the business is a poor or a vague strategy, then it can limit the implementation efforts dramatically. Good execution cannot overcome the shortcomings of a bad strategy or a poor strategic planning effort (Hrebiniak, 2006). Several studies mention the fact that the kind of strategy that is developed (Alexander, 1985; Allio, 2005) and the actual process of strategy formulation, namely, how a strategy is developed (KimMauborgne, 1993; Singh, 1998) will influence the effect of implementation. Alexander (1985) believes that the need to start with a formulated strategy that involves a good idea or concept is the most crucial and critical factor which helps promoting its successful implementation. As Allio notes, good implementation naturally starts with good strategic input: the soup is only as good as the ingredients (Allio, 2005). 2. Relationships among different departments and different strategy levels Many studies in the concerned field have stressed that the institutional relationships among different units/departments and different strategy levels play a major role in the outcome of strategy implementation (Walker Ruekert, 1987; Gupta, 1987; Slater Olson, 2001; Chimhanzi, 2004; Chimhanzi Morgan, 2005). Walker Ruekert note that marketing policies, inter-functional structures and processes, corporate-business unit relationships and processes are a major influence on business strategy implementation. In addition, allocation of resources, functional competencies, inter-functional conflict, decision-making participation and influence, and coordination also have different effects on the implementation of various kinds of business strategies. Implementation effectiveness is negatively affected by conflict and positively affected by interpersonal communication and not written. Such interdepartmental dynamics are affected by senior management support informal integration and joint re ward systems. Other relationships that have received attention to a lesser extent include finance, manufacturing, engineering, quality, marketing, accounting, and sales. 3. Executors Executors comprise the top management, middle management, lower management and non-management. Effectiveness of strategy implementation is, at least in part, affected by the quality of people involved in the process (Govindarajan, 1989). The quality refers to the capabilities, experience, skills, attitudes, and other characteristics of people required by a specific position (Peng Litteljohn, 2001). Findings indicate that strategy implementation effectiveness, critically depends on the human or people side of project management, and less on organization and systems related factors. Top management refers to the senior-level leaders including presidents, owners, and other high ranking executives (CEO, CFO, COO etc.) and senior-level managers. Hrebiniak and Snow (1982) report that the level of interaction and participation among the top management team typically leads to greater commitment to the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s goals and strategies. This, in turn ensures the successful implementation of the strategy. Gupta and Govindarajan (1984) note that greater the marketing and sales experience of middle managers, the greater would be their willingness to take risk and successfully implement the strategy. Heracleous (2000) also finds that if middle management do not agree with the strategy, or do not feel that they have the skill set to implement it, then they would sabotage its implementation. Middle managers expect the direction from the top management but frequently feel that they are in a better position to start and evaluate alternative courses of action. Also, the lack of shared knowledge with lower-level management and non-management employees would create a barrier to successful strategy implementation. 4. Communication Many researchers have emphasized the importance of adequate communication channels for the process of strategy implementation. Alexander (1985) notes that communication is mentioned more frequently than any other single item that promotes successful strategy implementation. Communication includes explaining what new responsibilities, tasks, and duties need to be performed by the employees in order to implement the strategy. It answers the why behind the changed job activities, and explains the reasons why the new strategic decision was made. Rapert and Wren (1998) find that organizations where employees have easy access to management through open and supportive communication channels outperform those with more restrictive communication environments. Effective communication is a fundamental requirement for any effective strategy implementation. Organizational communication plays an important role in training, knowledge acquisition and applied learning during the process of implementation. In fact, communication is vital in every aspect of strategy implementation, as it relates in to the organizational context, organizing processes and the implementation objectives. 5. Implementation Tactics Nutt (1986) stipulates four types of implementation tactics used by managers in making planned changes: intervention, participation, persuasion, and edict. Intervention refers to strategy adjustments made during the implementation stage by introducing new practices and norms. Participation includes formulating strategic goals and nominating a task force that can develop and propose the corresponding implementation options. Persuasion is the tactic which uses involved parties to convince the employees about the desired course of actions. The issuing of directives is the main focus of the implementation tactic edict. Lehner (2004) considers the implementation tactics as genuine organizational behaviour based on the assumption that implementation in general is dependent on the environment, and various strategic and corporate variables. 6. Consensus Nielsen (1983) notes that firms must achieve consensus both within and outside their organization in order to successfully implement business strategies. The consensus about a firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s strategy may differ across the operation channels within the company. If the employees of the company are not on the same information level or if information passes through many layers in the organization, a lower level of consensus would result. This lack of shared understanding may create obstacles to successful strategy implementation.(Noble, 1999b). Floyd and Wooldridge (1992a) label the gulf between strategies conceived by top management and awareness at lower levels as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“implementation gapà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Strategic consensus is the agreement between the top, middle, and lower-level managers on the fundamental policies of the organization. Strategic decisions are initiated by a team of top managers and then mandated to the rest of the organization, overlooking the importance of securing consensus with and commitment to the organizational strategy with the lower level employees, which is a big barrier for effective strategy implementation. 7. Commitment Strategy implementation process may fail if the strategy does not achieve support and commitment by the majority of employees and the middle management. Shared understanding without commitment would result in à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"counter effortà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and may negatively affect the organisational performance. The understanding between middle management and those at the operational level to that of the top management teamà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s strategic goals is of prime importance to successful implementation. Noble Mokwa (1999) have put forward three dimensions of commitment that are central factors which directly influence strategic outcomes: organizational commitment, strategy commitment and role commitment. Organizational commitment is the extent to which a manager identifies with and works toward organization-related goals and values. Strategy commitment is the extent to which a manager comprehends and supports the goals and objectives of an implementation strategy. Role commi tment is the extent to which a manager is determined to perform his individual implementation responsibilities, regardless of his personal beliefs about the overall strategy. 8. Organisational Structure The type of strategy adopted could differ in many ways and have different requirements regarding an adequate organizational structure. Factors relating to the organizational structure are the second most important implementation barrier according to Heide GrÃÆ' ¸nhaug Johannessenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (2002) study. Drazin and Howard (1984) stipulate that a proper alignment of the strategy with the organisational structure is an important pre-requisite for successful implementation of a corporate business strategy (Noble, 1999b). They note that changes in the competitive environment require adjustments to the organizational structure. If an organisationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s realignment strategies are lacking, it may exhibit poor performance and be at a major competitive disadvantage. 9. Administrative Systems Roth, Schweiger Morrison (1991) study suggests that organisational business units make use of three administrative mechanisms which are formalization, integrating mechanisms, and centralization, to create operational capabilities of configuration, managerial philosophy and coordination, to support business strategy implementation. Some researchers have also focused on the control systems which are one of important ingredients of administrative systems (Drazin Howard, 1984; Nilsson Rapp, 1999). Drazin and Howard (1984) discuss about the role of formal control system in the process of strategy implementation, and suggest that the fluidity of control system contribute to strategy implementation (Noble, 1999b). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY This part of the project report would focus on the research design and methodology adopted to carry out the research of the issue chosen which is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the factors influencing strategy implementationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. The following literature would highlight the components of the research paradigm chosen to accomplish the study. This section of the project report would provide a detailed rationale on how the study would achieve the research objective put forth in the title. This part would explain the methods of data capture used and the issues which would arise in gathering the required information along with the analysis and the interpretation techniques employed to achieve the research aim. Limitations would be included in the following report to make the reader aware of the shortcomings of the chosen methodology; the relevant ethical issues would also be discussed in the proposed research design along-with the resources required to complete the proposed research. The choice for the research methodology adopted is in congruence with the strategic issue chosen for the research proposal. The selection criteria to choose articles for inclusion in the research analysis: The articles which contain the keywords à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“strategy implementationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“strategy executionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? have been included in the literature .From this; further articles were identified using the references sections of the previously retrieved articles. In this way, the report also includes the articles which treat strategy implementation as one of the major subjects even if their title or keywords did not include the terms strategy implementation or strategy execution. As a final selection criterion it was checked whether the articles explicitly discuss factors impeding or enabling strategy implementation success. Data Collection Secondary Sources In order to identify the factors that enable or impede effective strategy implementation, the report has analysed relevant academic, peer reviewed journals such as the Strategic Management Journal, the Academy of Management Journal, the Journal of Management Studies, Long Range Planning, Journal of Management, Academy of Management Executive, Human Relations, Sloan Management Review, Journal of Marketing, etc. using the literature databases of EBSCO Host, ProQuest ABI, Science Direct, JSTOR and Wiley Interscience. Information has also been sourced from Google Scholar and books, newspapers, trade journals, industry portals, government agencies, trade associations, monitoring industry news and developments. The research data would be collected in different organisations or units of an organisation. The organisations were mainly professional service organisations, from both public and private sector. For example, finance, insurance and telecommunications companies, and government departments would be included. The size of the units under study would be 100 to 500 employees. The study would be qualitative in nature, main research method being semi-structured interviews. Primary Sources and Sampling In each organisation or unit, representatives would form three groups, namely the top management, middle management, and lower level personnel, would be interviewed using the questionnaire provided below. Altogether twenty-five interviewees per organisation would be randomly chosen: 2-5 persons representing the top management level, 4-13 persons the middle management level, and 8-17 persons from the lower level personnel. The interviewees would be chosen randomly, ensuring however that different tasks, work groups, and departments were represented equitably. The general topic of the interviews would be strategy implementation. During the interviews, the interviewees would fill out questionnaires, in which they would evaluate the various problem statements. The questionnaire has been given below: Q1. How do you define the concept of strategy implementation? Q2. What kind of issues would you associate strategy implementation with? Q3. How do you participate in the strategy implementation process? Q4. How are the policies pertaining to strategy implementation communicated within the different levels of the organization? Q5. Describe your own role in the process of strategy implementation. Q6. Evaluate the degree of the strategy implementation problems in your organisation. Data Access Issues Some data access issues might arise in the research journey, which could be the unwillingness of the employees to participate in the planned interviews hampering the information gathering capabilities of the subsequent research report along-with lack of co-operation from concerned companies which might not give permission to carry out interviews with its employees fearing a possible leak of its corporate strategy to its competitors. Also finances required for the successful completion of the information gathering process might not be adequate. Data Analysis The results of the questionnaires would be assessed, as well as the comments of the interviewees for the statements would be analysed. The main data analysis method employed would be content analysis of the interviews. The transcribed interviews would be coded accordingly to the central issues of the research. The analysis method would include historical trend analysis and linear regression analysis using software tools, judgmental forecasting, and conjoint analysis. Limitations of the Research Design The approach in conducting the literature review has shortcomings which should be acknowledged. The following are the limitations in the methodology adopted. Collection of articles has been carried out by relying on the databases of EBSCO Host, Science Direct, JSTOR, Wiley Inter Science and ProQuest ABI and the report thus may have overlooked some critical viewpoints on strategy implementation included in monographs or specialists books. Some selective articles in the review, however, rely heavily on concepts from advanced books on corporate strategy thus making up for the shortcoming to a certain extent. The articles have been located using the keywords à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“strategy implementationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“strategy executionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. This procedure of gathering articles may omit some important articles. The report also excludes some very specific strategy implementation contexts, such as post-merger integration implementation. The research has discovered that most of the conducted studies in the subject focus on the influence of middle managers on strategy implementation. There is no special research relating to lower management and non-management, even if several authors have stated that it is important to consider their effects on strategy implementation as well. Another major research challenge incudes, a lack of understanding between the relationships among the nine reviewed factors, for example, there are major disagreements about the relationship between the variables of communication, commitment and consensus which the report fails to highlight. Also a limiting factor is that there are very few studies that systematically examine how different organizational units and strategy levels can influence strategy implementation, which the report has not included. Strategy implementation involves many theories including agency theory, social learning theory, expectancy theory, organization theory and social system theory. Because of the limited word count it was not feasible to include such theories in the text presented which is also a shortcoming. The lists of journal articles selected are not comprehensive enough, as many other issues could potentially affect strategy implementation. Such other factors, however, are less mentioned or not analysed in-depth, as many of them are also hard to control and modify. Research Ethics For research to be carried out successfully there are many ethical issues that need to be taken into consideration. It is very important to secure the permission and interests of all the people involved in the study. The people involved would be given assurance that any information obtained during the interview process would not be misused as this is the moral responsibility which would be maintained towards the participants. It is the duty of this research to protect the rights of the participants of the study as well as their privacy and sensitivity. The confidentiality of those involved in the observation would be maintained at all times, keeping their anonymity and privacy secure. Resources required for effective research The resources required to carry out the proposed research would require the support and co-operation of the supervisor in charge so as to provide guidance for submitting an effective research analysis report. Also would require permission from the industries chosen for the study of the research issue and the co-operation of its employees for conducting interviews. Adequate financial support would also be required to assist in the completion of the proposed research analysis report to cover the cost of commuting and resultant transportation fares. TIMETABLE TASK SELECTION OF INDUSTRIES FOR RESEARCH FOCUS DAYS 1-5 6-10 10-15 16-20 21-25 25-30 LITERATURE REVIEW/ CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF SECONDARY SOURCES OF DATA INTERVIEWING PROCESS INDEPTH STUDY OF VARIOUS SOURCES ASSESSING RESOURCE FOR CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK COLLECTION OF SECONDARY SOURCES OF DATA DEVELOPMENT OF RATIONALE FOR STUDY FINALLY FORMULATED RESEAERCH PROPOSAL

Trumps Position on Personal Privacy - Free Essay Example

In the last paper submitted for this class, various aspects of data security were discussed. The increased probability of cyber-attack and cyber-warfare, the history of data security at the governmental level and what events precipitated data security to be taken more seriously in the first place, and, perhaps most importantly, the importance of a position of coordinator at the White House for the protection of sensitive information. What was concluded in the essay written for the previous prompt about data security regarding this decision of Trumps was that he either believes that increasing cyber-security measures is not important and would not benefit the nation, or believes that the White House employees can handle cyber-security in a sufficient matter without an expert coordinator position. Clearly, both of these perspectives are worrying and simply incorrect to hold. Also discussed was Trumps use of the Congressional Repeal Act to repeal FCC rules passed in 2016 regarding Internet privacy. The conclusion in that discussion was that the decision to repeal such important rules clearly demonstrated that Trump and the administration act on the interests of big businesses rather than the interest and peace of mind of American citizens. This, in essence, is also the overall conclusion that can be made about Trump and the administrations stance on the issue of personal privacy. The following paragraphs will discuss the events that have occurred after those discussed in the previous essay for this course, with a focus on privacy at the personal level rather than the governmental level. Ultimately, conclusions will be drawn about the current state of affairs regarding personal privacy, the likelihood of more comprehensive personal privacy laws and the direction they are headed in, how much personal privacy is valued by the Trump administration, and finally how American citizens feel about personal privacy. In September of 2018, the Trump administration finally presented a framework addressing consumer data privacy: something many have been waiting for after his repeal of previous laws in the spring of last year. Trump had promised that the next framework would be better for both the consumer and for businesses, as it would be all encompassing as well as fair on the businesses-end; previously, major telecommunications were frustrated by the fact that big websites like Facebook were not required to comply with the same set of rules as the major telecommunication companies. Also a looming issue over the head of all organizations was (and still is) the fact that there are only state laws about data collection and data privacy but not federal laws. According to an article on Broadcasting and Cable, the new framework actually falls short of Trumps promise. The way that John Eggerton described the policy was that the administration was presenting broad-brush strokes that would create little to no dispute (Eggerton). He also pointed out that there were no specific measures nor action plan, no specific examples of ways that transparency, control, and security can be increased (Eggerton). The policy failed to mention whether there would be opt-out or, even more protective for the consumer, opt in systems implemented to be the basis of transparency. Therefore, worried consumers are still in the dark regarding the future of personal privacy and frustrated by a policy that is not transparent about the means of promised transparency. As noted in the article, this framework was intended to keep peace between the republicans and democrats, but only manages to do so because it is so vague: when it becomes time to discuss the specific measures to be taken, the administration will be left back at square 0 and left with a very difficult proposal to re-work. The National Telecommunications Information Administration commented on the policy, saying that the policy aims to create a reasonably informed user, empowered to meaningfully express privacy preferences, as well as products and services that are inherently designed with appropriate privacy protections, particularly in business contexts in which relying on user intervention may be insufficient to manage privacy risks (Eggerton). The wording of this is quite ambiguous, as the definition of a reasonably informed user probably varies widely from president Trump to a citizen whose information was compromised in the Facebook data breach, for example. Also, the statement says that products and services should be designed with appropriate privacy protections when Trump has claimed that the new framework will be superior to any from the past (Eggerton). Part 5 of the 7-point plan created says the following: Users should be able to reasonably access and correct personal data they have provid ed (Eggerton). Again, the word reasonable is being used. Does reasonable mean that it is possible for the consumer to access their personal data they provided, or does it mean that it is easy to access it? Based on the past actions of the administration, the latter does not seem to be the likely scenario. Part 6 reads, Organizations should take steps to manage the risk of disclosure or harmful uses of personal data (Eggerton). Using the word should instead of a word like must is another clear indication that the protection of consumers personal data is not being taken as seriously as many are consumers are demanding it be. This policy draft is likely to cause a lot of conflict between state governments and the federal government. Many states like California, for example, do not have a history of waiting patiently during delays in law making at the federal level. Following the discard of previous protections under the FCC, the state of California created its own set of net-neutrality laws, which required the biggest players of Internet providers like ATT, Comcast, and Verizon to treat all web traffic equally (Romm, Fung). Just as one would expect, these laws prohibited Internet providers from blocking access to sites and services, slowing down web connections or charging companies for faster delivery of their movies, music or other content (Romm, Fung). But, this was not just another common occurrence of law making at the state level: according to an article written for the Washington Post, some were even calling Californias net-neutrality law the toughest net-neutrality law ever enacted in the United S tates (Romm, Fung). The way that the Trump administration has handled the personal privacy predicament is likely to result in the same way: states like California are likely to become impatient, and draft a policy that is much more clear but much tougher than one written out by the Trump administration, and therefore not in alignment with the goals of the administration. Another notably tense relationship regarding governmental stance on personal privacy is that of the U.S. government and the EU. As discussed in the previous essay written for Management of Information Systems, the U.S. and England struggled to work together in the past due to clashing stances on personal privacy and data security. Both entities had positive intentions on collaborating on a safe-harbor framework, or a private, self-regulating policy and enforcement mechanism that meets the objectives of government regulators and legislation but does not involve government regulation or enforcement (Laudon 137). Under this agreement, U.S. business were allowed to make use of personal data from countries in the EU as long as the EU approved of the privacy protection policies that the U.S. developed (Laudon 137). Ultimately, though, ties were severed when the EU discovered that Facebooks massive data breach involved compromising data from European citizens as well. Come fall of 2018, and the European Union has arguably created the best personal-privacy law in world history. The law is called the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). This law puts emphasis on consent, control, and clear explanations (Tiku). What is unique about this law is that it no longer permits companies to bring up pages and pages of so-called fine-print, (which no one actually reads) on a users screen and then essentially require users to click I agree to use a companys service (Tiku). The new law requires brief and clear explanations of what is to be collected and, equally as important, why the information is being collected and how exactly it will be used by the company (Tiku). Consumers will have more of a say than ever before, being able to add or omit data held by the company at any time and also being able to limit the use of decisions made by algorithms (Tiku). Is a law mirroring the GDPR likely to be passed in America? Right now, the law protects citizens in every country that is part of the European Union: 28 countries. It is uncertain whether numbers alone are enough to put enough pressure on the U.S. to pass similar kinds of legislation. Something important to note, though, is that a mismatch in laws of this nature cause a lot of problems for business operating in both the European Union and the United States. Many companies are making its reworked data privacy measures demanded by the GDPR apply across the company on a global scale, as it is simpler than creating different systems (Tiku). Chief data ethics officer of data-broker company Acxiom, Sheila Colclasure, feels that the GDPR will set the tone for data protection around the world for the next 10 years (Tiku). If the administration cares about maintaining good relationships with other countries and international organizations, it should follow the same steps. According to the Pew Research Center, consumer confidence about the security of their data has gone down since the rise of the popularity of major social media networks like Facebook. A survey conducted by the research center shows how over 90% of American citizens either selected that they agree or strongly agree that people have lost control over how personal information is collected and used by all kinds of entities (Rainie). In addition, a strong majority of two-thirds have said current laws are not good enough in protecting peoples privacy, and 64% support more regulation of advertisers (Rainie). Based on the outlook of citizens and the administrations current efforts, it still is uncertain whether the Trump administration will take the opportunity to make a law like the GDPR.

Case Studies--War Makes the State, and the State Makes War

This essay is first concerned with the Charles Tilly’s principle around by histhe famous saying: War makes the state, and the state makes war. Meanwhile, I will explain the relationship between the state and its four activities: War Mmaking, State Mmaking, Protection, Extraction. The filiation of state and war will be illustrated later. I will use Palestine region will be used as the main case study to demonstrate this essay and I will try to use this example to explain more clearly with the relationship between war and the state. What kind of Oorganizational structure the Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO) was and its functions will be discussed in the case study. Moreover, armed struggle will be introduced and its consequences†¦show more content†¦Case Study- Palestine Palestine is a region between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea, situated at a strategic location between Egypt, Syria and Arabia. It is also the birthplace of Judaism and Christianity. Thus, this region has a long and tumultuous history as a crossroad for religion, culture, commerce, and politics. Palestine has been controlled by numerous different peoples, including Ancient Egyptians, Canaanites, Israelites, Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, Ancient Greeks, Romans, Byzantines, the Sunni Arab Caliphates, the Shia Fatimid Caliphate, Crusaders, Ayyubids, Mameluks, Ottomans, the British and modern Israelis and Palestinians. According to this, the boundaries of this region have changed throughout history, and were first defined in modern times by the Franco-British boundary agreement (1920) and the Transjordan memorandum of 16 September 1922, during the mandate period. (Agoston and Masters, 2009) The Jewish and the Arab both consider Palestine as inherent territory, which was t he one of the reasons led to Israeli- Palestinian conflict. Thousands on both sides died since the warï ¼Å'this had led to the creation of the Jewish state in Palestine and to the mass exodus of the Arab population in 1948. (Ã¥  ¯Ã¦ · »Ã¥Å   Ã¥ · ´Ã¤ » ¥Ã¦Ë†ËœÃ¤ ºâ€°Ã¥Å½â€ Ã¥  ²) ‘The Palestinian national movement, was established with the express aim of liberating PalestineShow MoreRelatedThe Effect Of The Middle Eastern Conflict1290 Words   |  6 PagesIn October of 1973, a short war between Israel and its regional neighbors, Egypt and Syria, nearly brought the United States and the Soviet Union to the brink of war. The dramatic effect the middle eastern conflict had these two superpower’s relationship is both surprising and concerning. Prior to the Cuban Missile Crises of 1962, a series of threats between the Soviet Union and the United States created distrust and fear between the two countries. 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In this study, an interstate war is classified as being a conflict between two or more states in which at least one thousand battlefield deaths occur. It should also be noted that at least one hundred of these deaths must be incurred by each state that is participating in the conflict. This helps to differentiate war from other violentRead MoreAdolescents And War : How Youth Deal With Political Violence152 3 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: In the course of this investigation, I will be reviewing two key chapters from ‘Adolescents and War: How Youth deal with Political Violence’. Political violence, the focus of this study – is difficult to define – primarily because it such a broad term which incorporates different levels of ideology surrounding the nature of violence, its causes, structures and objectives. Barber takes an interesting and unique stance in his literature, as he touches upon the rarely (but advancing)Read MoreAncient Greece : A Single Political Body850 Words   |  4 Pagesthousand separate, widely dispersed entities known as city-states. Some of these city-states, including Athens and Sparta, were radically different from each other. But according to Herodotus, these separate states were all united under their decent, linguistics, customs, and religion, but divided because of politics and self-differentiation. It was the disuniting factors that caused these states to fight among one another and other non-Greek states. Cartledge mentions he based most of this chapter offRead MoreThe Conflict Of The Syrian Conflict1506 Words   |  7 Pageswere able to bring more than a few days of respite to these violent conflicts. Since the end of World War II, mediation has grown as a form of conflict management tool. As mediation gained prominence and primacy in international relations as a method for war termination, wars are more often decided in a meeting room than on the battlefield. In fact, since the end of the Cold War, the trend in war termination has almost reversed as the number mediated settlements doubled that of all-out victoriesRead MoreStudy of History and Theory of International Relations967 Words   |  4 Pages To study international relations means to study the history of international relations, theory, practical application of those theories and the outcome after the practical application of the theory was applied. Smith spoke about international relations and said that international relations importance of not just theory, but history to understanding The politics of today (Smith 2006). So when you study international relations you should understand the theory but you need to know the historyRead MoreThe Most Important Lessons For Military Leaders Essay1620 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"War is merely the continuation of policy by other means.† Thus, in the sense of Clausewitz, national military objectives have to derive from national policy. The 2015 NMS identifies three National Military Objectives with an integrated approach: â€Å"to deter, deny, and defeat state adversaries; to disrupt, degrade, and defeat Violent Extremist Organizations (VEOs); and to strengthen our global network of allies and partners.† The most important lessons for military leaders for achieving these threeRead MoreConflict Termination Outcomes And Recurrence1481 Words   |  6 Pageswhich a conflict comes to an end has caught the interest of the academic community since decades ago. 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The book Jurassic Park - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 760 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/08/15 Category Cinematographic Art Essay Level High school Tags: Jurassic Park Essay Did you like this example? When people think of movies that came from books, they usually think it is quite the same. Although, some movies can have different plots or even different characters than the book. Jurassic Park has a few differences in the plot, comparing the movie and the book. There are also many personality changes in characters between the two. The book, Jurassic Park, was written by Michael Crichton. It was first published on November 20th, 1990. The book is five hundred pages of a doctor, John Hammond, trying to bring dinosaurs back from extinction. Most of the book takes place on an island called Isla Nublar, eight miles long and one hundred miles off of Costa Rica. The story also takes place at Jurassic Park, a theme park still under construction. The theme park includes labs, a control room, and Dr. Hammonds home. The construction for a hotel and other buildings was still going on. The island was intended to provide a zoo, nature preserve, and hotels soon enough. It all took place about two hundred years before the book was written. This book is considered a classic because it is about a doctor trying to bring dinosaurs back to life. Dinosaurs once lived and none of us really got to experience that. This book offers such realistic characterization that could actually show us how the world was with dinosaurs in it. Jura ssic Park shows us characteristics and even the lifestyles of dinosaurs and people who were once around them. Something this book says that could last a lifetime is that everything will once evolve and there is not much you could do about it or bring it back. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The book Jurassic Park" essay for you Create order The movie, Jurassic Park, was directed by Steven Spielberg. It first came out on June 11, 1993. The director showed Jeff Goldblum as Dr. Malcolm, Laura Dern as Ellie, Sam Neill as Dr. Grant, Lex as Ariana Richards, and Joseph Mazzello as Tim. Tim and Lex are sisters, as they are in the book as well. Although, in the book, Lex is Tims younger sister. In the movie, Lex is older than Tim. In the book Tim was good with computers, but in the movie, it was Lex that was good with computers. Tim was a huge fan of dinosaurs in the book and the movie. Lex was more of a tomboy in the book. Personality is the key point to a character. In result, the personality changes between the book and the movie was brought to my attention. In the book, Dr. Grant has lots of love for kids. In spite of the fact that, in the movie, he doesnt really like kids and says they are messy, noisy, expensive, and they smell. Another difference in characters is that in the book, Lex is younger and loves dinosaurs. The older character is Tim which deals with all the technology to save the day. In the movie, the character Ellie works with a sick Triceratops, but in the book, that dinosaurs is a Stegosaurus. The vehicles that they use for tours in the movie and the book are also different. In the movie, they use Ford Explorers. As for the book, they were using Land Cruisers. A major plot difference between the movie and the book is the absence of the procompsognathus dinosaur. This dinosaur plays a lot of parts in the book. In the opening of the book, a young girl on vacation with her family gets attacked by a procompsognathus dinosaur. The film does not even include the little girl or the dinosaurs escaping the island. Another scene that was changed was the scene of Dr. Hammond was attacked. When Dr. Hammond was recording a T-rexs roar, he fell down and broke his ankle. He was then attacked and eaten alive by the procompsognathus dinosaur. Multiple scenes were changed or even deleted by just removing the dinosaur. Even though there are many key differences, the movie and book of Jurassic Park have some similarities as well. Both the movie and the book are based on Dr. Hammond, the billionaire that is obsessed with dinosaurs. Dr. Hammond goes through many difficulties throughout the movie and the book to try to get the dinosaurs back from the dead. Another scene that was similar in the movie and the book was the construction worker incident. The construction worker was putting the dinosaur into the security cage in both the book and the movie. The worker was then attacked by the dinosaur and never returned. The family ended up suing the Jurassic Park company for lots of money.

Outline and assess the view that crime and deviance are...

Outline and assess the view that crime and deviance are socially constructed There has been a pleather of research regarding the issue of crime and deviance. A definition of crime and deviance can be explained in relative terms which are dependant on any particular society’s interpretation of crime and deviance. Cultures differ from one society to another and the general consensus of right and wrong can also evolve throughout time. Definitions of crime and deviance can evolve with factors such as time, pace and society. However the general definition of crime is that its an act that breaks the law and deviance refers to behaviour that most people see as differing from acceptable social norms or standards of society. The purpose of†¦show more content†¦The criminal justice system judges and punishes each group differently. Karl Marx and max Webber both agree that the wealthy were able to dominate definitions of what counts as normality and deviance. The elite can often afford expensive lawyers and are sometimes on a first-name basis with the i ndividuals in charge of making and enforcing laws. Members of the working class generally do not have these advantages. Feminists are also a conflict theory. They argue that in patriarchal societies, males define what is normal, and therefore define deviant female behaviour. Many feminists view that female crime has been virtually ignored by mainstream criminology and mainstream feminists have asserted that if females were socialized in the same way as males had similar roles and experiences, their rates of criminal offending would be roughly the same. There are criticisms of the Interactionists view of crime and deviance. One criticism of the Interactionists perspective is the fact that it fails to explain why individuals commit deviant acts in the first place. Another criticism assumes that once a person has been labelled, the deviance will inevitably become worse. A Final criticism is that Interactions fail to explain why some people should be labelled rather than others and wh y some activities are against the law, and others are not. This approach suggests that crime and deviance are invented by peopleShow MoreRelatedSociology A2 Revision 2012 34479 Words   |  18 Pages13th June, am Unit 4 exam: Tuesday 19th June, pm Easter Revision: tbc A2 Syllabus: AQA Sociology GCE (new specification) Unit 3: Mass Media (SCLY3) Worth 20% of your final A Level Written paper, 1 hour 30 minutes 60 marks available Unit 4: Crime and Deviance with Theory and Methods (SCLY4) Worth 30% of your final A Level Written paper, 2 hours 90 marks available Timetable Use your revision checklists to draw up a timetable for revision leading up to the exam. Make sure you cover everything, butRead MoreTracing Theoretical Approaches to Crime and Social Control: from Functionalism to Postmodernism16559 Words   |  67 Pages33 Neo-Marxist Critical theory: The Frankfurt School.................................................. 34 Structural Marxism ..................................................................................................... 35 Post-Modern Views on Crime in Neo-Marxist Criminology ..................................... 40 CHAPTER 4 ..................................................................................................................... 42 FOUCAULTS SYSTEM OF POWER AND DISCIPLINE Read MoreDoes the Perceived Risk of Punishment Deter Criminally Prone Individuals - Rational Choice, Self-Control and Crime.Pdf14337 Words   |  58 PagesJournal of Research in Crime and Delinquency http://jrc.sagepub.com/ Does the Perceived Risk of Punishment Deter Criminally Prone Individuals? Rational Choice, Self-Control, and Crime Bradley R. E. Wright, Avshalom Caspi, Terrie E. Moffitt and Ray Paternoster Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 2004 41: 180 DOI: 10.1177/0022427803260263 The online version of this article can be found at: http://jrc.sagepub.com/content/41/2/180 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com On behalfRead MoreSociology Essay20437 Words   |  82 Pagesthat the question is worth two marks, so only a short explanation of approximately one to two sentences is required. Refer to pages 24–25 in Unit 1.2 as well as textbook, pages 59–60. The term ‘expressive role’ is associated with the functionalist view of the nuclear family whereby it is argued that women are more suited to a nurturing or caring role—that is, women look after the emotional needs of the family. (b) Identify and brieï ¬â€šy explain Parsons’ two functions of the nuclear family. (4 marks) Read MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesand provides an advanced introduction to the heterogeneous study of organizations, including chapters on phenomenology, critical theory and psychoanalysis. Like all good textbooks, the book is accessible, well researched and readers are encouraged to view chapters as a starting point for getting to grips with the field of organization theory. Dr Martin Brigham, Lancaster University, UK McAuley et al. provide a highly readable account of ideas, perspectives and practices of organization. By thoroughlyRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesINFLUENCE 279 280 SKILL ASSESSMENT 280 Diagnostic Surveys for Gaining Power and Influence Gaining Power and Influence 280 Using Influence Strategies 281 SKILL LEARNING 283 Building a Strong Power Base and Using Influence Wisely 283 A Balanced View of Power 283 Lack of Power 283 Abuse of Power 285 Strategies for Gaining Organizational Power 286 The Necessity of Power and Empowerment 286 Sources of Personal Power 288 Sources of Positional Power 293 Transforming Power into Influence 298 InfluenceRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesKeep It Close? 438 Case Incident 2 The Persuasion Imperative 439 xvi CONTENTS 14 Conflict and Negotiation 445 A Definition of Conflict 446 Transitions in Conflict Thought 447 The Traditional View of Conflict 447 †¢ The Interactionist View of Conflict 447 †¢ Resolution-Focused View of Conflict 449 The Conflict Process 449 Stage I: Potential Opposition or Incompatibility 450 †¢ Stage II: Cognition and Personalization 451 †¢ Stage III: Intentions 452 †¢ Stage IV: Behavior 454 †¢ Stage V: Outcomes

Article Review of “the Ideal Works of Edmonia Lewis...

â€Å"The Ideal Works of Edmonia Lewis: Invoking and Inverting Autobiography† by Kirsten P. Buick Kirsten Buick’s article â€Å"The Ideal Works of Edmonia Lewis: Invoking and Inverting Autobiography† focuses on several different works by the African-Indian sculptor. The article is beneficial in analyzing the cultural significance of Lewis’s works. Buick concentrates specifically on six of Lewis’s sculptures: Forever Free, Hagar in the Wilderness, Minnehaha, The Old Indian Arrowmaker and His Daughter, Hiawatha, and The Marriage of Hiawatha. Buick states, â€Å"while the subjects of her sculptures are African American and Native American women, invoking her autobiography, their features follow idealized, western European models† (190). In this†¦show more content†¦The final section of the article, Art and Self, poses the question: â€Å"What would Lewis have risked if she had sculpted obviously black or obviously Indian women† (201)? The article goes on to explain that Lewis wanted her art to be separate from her ethnicity and gend er. Here Buick explains that Lewis â€Å"refused to be victimized by her own hand† (201). Buick provides several quotes from art historians and passages from interviews with Lewis, making her argument and article stronger. Very few weaknesses exist within Kirsten Buick’s article. Because of the divisions in the article, there is no clear thesis. Each section in the article seems to have its own thesis statement. Additionally, Buick’s conclusion paragraph, only two sentences long, does not adequately wrap up the article. Despite these minor flaws, the article is very well written and organized. Buick provides more than sufficient data to back up her argument. She provides quotes from other writers and columnists, art historians, and Edmonia Lewis herself. When discussing Lewis’s sculpture Hagar in the Wilderness, Buick provides text from the Bible on Hagar. After providing a visual analysis of each sculpture mentioned, Buick explains their cultural signifi cance. For example, Buick mentions the relationship between mother and child in Lewis’s The Freedwoman on First Hearing of Her Liberty and explains, â€Å"with the end of slavery, mother and child were no longer property that could be

Causes Of The Civil War 2 Essay Example For Students

Causes Of The Civil War 2 Essay Americans fought very had to receive their independence from England. Their determination of self-rule was evident from the very beginning. From early settlement, the colonists gave evidence to this determination. The increase in control of England increased their desire to be treated fairly as English citizens, but England did not give them the feeling of fair treatment. Ever since the beginnings of settlement, England and America had been growing apart. England was still an aristocracy, ruled by men born and bred to a high station in life. The society was one of culture and refinement. Deprived of abundant opportunity at home, the common people accepted a position of dependence rather than independence. But in America, things had gone differently. The society was rather democratic. There were no lords or hereditary officers. The wilderness had attracted men of independent spirit, and the stern conditions of the frontier had bred self-reliance and self-respect.; (*) The New World made men enterprising, energetic, and aggressive. The distance between the colonists and England was as equally wide as their political thinking. British statesmen believed that Parliament had complete authority over the colonies. It could make laws for them, tax them and even abolish their elected assemblies. But, patriot leaders in America denied all this. They believed Parliament was bound to respect certain natural rights of man. The colonists did not think Parliament represented them, therefore they did not respect the taxes it imposed. The English leaders, on the other hand, thought members of Parliament looked after the best interests of the whole empire. People all over the world believe that government protects life, liberty, and property. Were it not for government, the world would soon run into all manner of disorders and confusions,; (136,Text). The idea that stable and enlightened government could be achieved by balancing the concepts of monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy became a common belief among many individuals. In Europe, individual monarch power was growing. This outraged many of each countrys citizens. Also, poverty was increasing fast, due to peoples belief that nobility, money, and control of land signifies power. Many early settlers chose to explore the New World, in order to escape from politics and religion in their mother country. In the colonies, the settlers had already become used to taking a share in government. Every colony elected an assembly. The Virginians set up their House of Burgesses twelve years after Jamestown was settled. The House of Burgesses was a promise of local assembly. The House was set up to make the settlers more free. The Pilgrims drew up the Mayflower Compact, a promise of election of governing officials, before settling in 1620. Unfortunately, these assemblies, when in action, made many settlers feel controlled, especially the working class. Early on in the colonies there was tension concerning many things including power and government. Many rebellions broke out against authorities. In a time when there was no government, the Leisler Rebellion in New York took place. Five hundred men captured guards and attacked wealthy merchants in order to set up their own government, which had been very democratic. Power of the colonial assemblies was increasing. England imposed various acts on the colonies, such as the Sugar Act, Stamp Act, and the Quartering Act. Trade only offered one source of revenue, so the English government created the previous mentioned acts. The colonists now had to pay import duties on foreign molasses, sugar, wine, and other commodities. Revenue officers inforced important measures to prevent smuggling. Since the new Sugar Act would not gain large revenue for England, it was supplemented by the Stamp Act. The Stamp Act levied a direct tax on all newspapers printed in the colonies and on most commercial an d legal documents used in business. .uef5b7025fcee5ea3f0c80bf5f6fc1378 , .uef5b7025fcee5ea3f0c80bf5f6fc1378 .postImageUrl , .uef5b7025fcee5ea3f0c80bf5f6fc1378 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uef5b7025fcee5ea3f0c80bf5f6fc1378 , .uef5b7025fcee5ea3f0c80bf5f6fc1378:hover , .uef5b7025fcee5ea3f0c80bf5f6fc1378:visited , .uef5b7025fcee5ea3f0c80bf5f6fc1378:active { border:0!important; } .uef5b7025fcee5ea3f0c80bf5f6fc1378 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uef5b7025fcee5ea3f0c80bf5f6fc1378 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uef5b7025fcee5ea3f0c80bf5f6fc1378:active , .uef5b7025fcee5ea3f0c80bf5f6fc1378:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uef5b7025fcee5ea3f0c80bf5f6fc1378 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uef5b7025fcee5ea3f0c80bf5f6fc1378 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uef5b7025fcee5ea3f0c80bf5f6fc1378 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uef5b7025fcee5ea3f0c80bf5f6fc1378 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uef5b7025fcee5ea3f0c80bf5f6fc1378:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uef5b7025fcee5ea3f0c80bf5f6fc1378 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uef5b7025fcee5ea3f0c80bf5f6fc1378 .uef5b7025fcee5ea3f0c80bf5f6fc1378-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uef5b7025fcee5ea3f0c80bf5f6fc1378:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Diabetes mellentus EssayDue to the fact that these two acts would not raise enough money needed for the army, the Quartering Act was created and inforced. This act required each colony to pay part of the expenses incurred by British troops when they were within its border. The Currency Act increased the load of taxes on the colonists. This act directed colonists to pay the whole domestic debt which they had created in waging the French and Indian War. The Stamp Act was not accepted throughout the colonial assemblies. The colonists refused to buy additional goods while the act remained in force. It was repealed in 1766 because, as English subjects, the colonists could not be taxed with out their consent. However, at the same time, Parliament declared that it had full power to tax the colonies whenever and however it thought best. In addition to the acts previously mentioned, England placed external taxes on trade in the colonies on many goods such as lead, paint, glass, paper, and tea. Opposition to these taxes was not predicted; the colonists objected very strongly. A clear distinction was made between taxes levied to regulate trade and those that intended to raise money for England. If England could levy a tax simply to increase its income, the colonists right of self-government would be at its end. The colonial assemblies had a check on the governors of each colony to prevent the deterioration of self-government. They had the power to withhold the salaries of the British governor; therefore they could make sure that the governor would not dominate the assembly. In 1773, Parliament passed another act that allowed the British East India Company to ship tea to the colonies without paying any of the import taxes collected in England. The company was practically bankrupt and had an immense amount of unsold tea, therefore it was able to sell their tea cheaper than local merchants, who had to pay high taxes were. The company was willing to pay the Townshend tax when they unloaded their tea in America. The colonists greeted the cheap tea as a bribe offered to the people for their consent to a British tax. In response, New York and Philadelphia did not allow the companys ships to land at the ports. Meanwhile in Boston, a group of citizens disguised as Indians tossed 15,000 pounds worth of tea into the harbor. This event, known as the Boston Tea Party, was significant in the pre-Revolutionary War crisis because it was the first act of resistance that ended in the destruction of a large amount of private property. This act of rebellion infuriated Engl and. Parliament responded to the Boston Tea Party with the five Intolerable Acts.; The acts closed the port of Boston to all shipping until all the destroyed tea was paid for. They declared British soldiers and officials immune from court trials for acts committed while suppressing civil disturbances; (164 Text). Parliament modified the Massachusetts charter, by taking away the lower houses privilege of electing the upper legislative chamber. Instead, the governor appointed the members to the chamber. The fourth measure allowed the Massachusetts governor to quarter soldiers at Boston in taverns or any other empty building. Finally, it extended the boundaries of the province of Quebec to the Ohio River. It also gave the Roman Catholics in the province both religious liberty and the double protection of French and English Law. In conclusion, the Intolerable Acts took away many highly prized rights of self-government. In response to the Intolerable Acts, the colonies set up a Continental Congress, in which they tried to force Great Britain to stop. Nearly all the delegates who attended its first meeting at Philadelphia in 1774 were members of local committees of correspondence, and many of them had been selected by the provincial congresses. The Congress denounced parliamentary taxation and the five Intolerable Acts. It signed a Continental Association, intended to destroy all trade with England if the British did not yield. The Congress prepared to enforce this agreement by means of the local committees.; (*) Consequently, England did not regard its acts as legal. When the Congress attempted to force everybody to follow a certain course of action, it functioned as a powerless government. The Colonial leaders had now separated into two groups, the Patriots who were willing to accept the Congress as their guide, and the Loyalists, who counseled submission to Parliament decrees. .u81f9af8c11b2555c718ecb18fb9ff759 , .u81f9af8c11b2555c718ecb18fb9ff759 .postImageUrl , .u81f9af8c11b2555c718ecb18fb9ff759 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u81f9af8c11b2555c718ecb18fb9ff759 , .u81f9af8c11b2555c718ecb18fb9ff759:hover , .u81f9af8c11b2555c718ecb18fb9ff759:visited , .u81f9af8c11b2555c718ecb18fb9ff759:active { border:0!important; } .u81f9af8c11b2555c718ecb18fb9ff759 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u81f9af8c11b2555c718ecb18fb9ff759 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u81f9af8c11b2555c718ecb18fb9ff759:active , .u81f9af8c11b2555c718ecb18fb9ff759:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u81f9af8c11b2555c718ecb18fb9ff759 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u81f9af8c11b2555c718ecb18fb9ff759 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u81f9af8c11b2555c718ecb18fb9ff759 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u81f9af8c11b2555c718ecb18fb9ff759 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u81f9af8c11b2555c718ecb18fb9ff759:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u81f9af8c11b2555c718ecb18fb9ff759 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u81f9af8c11b2555c718ecb18fb9ff759 .u81f9af8c11b2555c718ecb18fb9ff759-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u81f9af8c11b2555c718ecb18fb9ff759:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Picking just one bad habit is like getting only one piece of candy at Sweet Factory EssayThe colonists had many intellectual themes that they used to create their political theories. Enlightenment, was a theory that meant that the colonies were emerging from centuries of darkness and ignorance into a new age enlightened by reason, science, and a respect for humanity. Not all believed in just one theory. Some said that the Enlightenment theory was a delusion.; (278, Text) Another theory that was looked upon was the theory of Natural Law. This theory was based on what were assumed to be the permanent characteristics of human nature that could serve as a standard evaluating c onduct of civil laws. Also, Whig Ideology who printed many works that railed against corruption and creeping despotism in the reign of George II. In Conclusion, many people had different thoughts about how the government should be run. When the Americans finally had their Revolution they formed into two main parties, the Federalists and the Anti-Federalist. The Federalists were in favor of a strong central government and the Anti-Federalists were not. It took a long time and hard work to set up the government in which we have today. A lot of controversy still exists in politics today. But, our forefathers worked very hard to free us from Englands unruly control over our country, and secured our right to self-government. It only proves that no government would send our country into a downward spiral of chaos.