When the gods die Review Essay Example

When the gods die Review Paper Essay on When the gods die No less exciting than the first cycle of the book, the continuation of the series about the adventures of Sebestyana St. Cyr and his assistant Tom. At this time, the viscount instructed to clarify the circumstances of the death of the young Marquise Anglessi. During the investigation, Lord Devlin discovers new information about his mothers death seventeen years ago, reveals a conspiracy against the ruling dynasty of British monarchs, simultaneously saving from the gallows Tom, and once again make a marriage proposal to his beloved popular actress Kate Boleyn. The new exciting and dangerous adventures of Viscount and former street thieves, and now the tiger (read the groom) young lord, carried away into the world of dark, cold and calculating nineteenth century London. Romantic love St. Cyr and Kate wrapped in an aura of sadness because of the impossibility of their marriage, very few people can remain indifferent to. It is worth noting that grace with which the author presents to the reader a beautiful and organically woven into the narrative explanation of the novels title . Nice to know that the title of the book is taken not from the ceiling, and has a certain sense and to a certain extent connected with the characters and events narrated stories. We will write a custom essay sample on When the gods die Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on When the gods die Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on When the gods die Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer  «What happens when you die is your god? involuntarily I asked myself Sebastian. When someone gets to you and the sun, and moon, and stars, and then you suddenly discover something hitherto unknown, some weakness, and this news is so important, it is so devastating that lost not only your credibility this man, but also respect. Some people did not manage to recover after such a disappointment. Sebastian, for example, was an officer rank and went to war  » Again, the translation of this book is much better than the first part a positive trend is obvious:.) Based on the above in my opinion, the book was a success. by the way, the cycle of Sebastian St. Cyr has 6 books, so it remains to read the third part and wait for the transfer of the rest, good interest in the work of this author, personally I only grows . Total 9/10 a worthy continuation of the series .

Georges change throughout Of Mice and Men essays

George's change throughout Of Mice and Men essays George is a strong character, who makes a huge significant ending in Of Mice and Men. He is smaller than Lennie and has a dark face. George makes sure to take care of Lennie at all the time. He leads and watches out for Lennie because Lennie is retarded. Even though Lennie gets in troubles very often, George does not let Lennie to separate from him. Once, George tells Slim that he has learned from his past that he should not take advantage of weak people like Lennie. George and Lennie both knew that it might have been better for George, if they got separated. However, they do not separate because they both love each other so much. They were true friends. Georges protection for Lennie did not weaken just because of rejections and protests against Lennie. When Lennie got in trouble for killing Curleys wife, George knew that Lennie was going to be killed. Because George belonged to Lennie and Lennie belonged to George, George lets Lennie to die with a happy thought. George did not want Lennie to be terrified when the other men started beating him up. Therefore, Lennie goes to a very deep sleep, thinking that he is going to have his dream come true. As much as George felt horrible for shooting Lennie, he knew that he owed it to Lennie. George took care of Lennie until the last minute of Lennies life. Throughout the novel, George stays best friends with Lennie. Nothing could Georges mind and friendship between him and Lennie. ...

Two Ways Rococo Painting Differs from Baroque Research Paper

Two Ways Rococo Painting Differs from Baroque - Research Paper Example The first way that the two movements of Baroque and Rococo were different about was the choice of themes for the paintings that came as a result of major influences on the art during the different historical periods. The themes that Baroque artists used were often of religious, Catholic content or reflected some kind of dramatic events. For example, it is obvious when analyzing the painting The Entombment of Christ, where one of the most significant events in the life of God’s son is being depicted. Caravaggio, the author of the painting, is among the most famous artists who painted using the stylistics and themes of Baroque. This particular painting demonstrates the most conventional of the plots used for Baroque paintings. Rococo, as an art movement that initially originated in architecture and interior design, as well as variety of ‘minor arts’, and only later translated into paintings, is generally flirtatious, playful and delicate in comparison to Baroque pai nting. This was in part due to the choice of themes of a less grave or significant nature, which in terms of comparison of it with Baroque indicated departure from serious themes and almost altogether abandoning religious plots. Moreover, erotic motives also become important in this artistic movement, as can be seen on Boucher’s painting Cupid a Captive. This painting in additional indicates the development of theme of nudity that was seen with more orientation on pleasure and entertainment than nudity as depicted by Baroque painters.

Time Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Time Management - Essay Example With saved time, it would mean plenty of time for me to study my lessons in mechanical engineering. The second lesson is â€Å"Do the ugliest thing first.† This means the same as having a priority list. This lesson teaches me to do the important things first or to deal with the important people first. Some things and people can wait while some have to be dealt with as soon as possible, or else the opportunity is lost. Although I am just 20 years old, I should not think that opportunities will always be there for me so I can just let them pass me by. I should not waste time. The third is â€Å"Group your phone calls and make calls before lunch.† The lesson I can get from this is another lesson on saving time, which is to group activities and work that are similar in nature and can be done at a single time rather than lose all the time in a whole day doing just the same thing. With this, I can spend more time doing other

MS Excel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MS Excel - Essay Example Since the decisions that managers make are based on data presented to them, the value of Excel is undoubted.. However, in order for managers to understand what the data they have implies, they must make use of analysis tools. Microsoft Excel provides them with such tools. In Excel, managers find different analysis tools particularly those used for statistics. Hypothesis testing is one are in which Excel may be employed. The program offers several functions that may be used for hypothesis testing. Such functions include the Chi-square, t-test, z-test, as well as other statistical analysis tools that are most often used to test certain hypothesis. Simply put, a manager can make decisions that are hinged on sound and logical analysis that he or she performs through Excel. Decision making involves the interpretation and analysis of data. Utilizing Excel, managers can perform several types of analysis that are usually employed. These include regression analysis, statistical analysis, and trend analysis. With Excel, the manager has an efficient and time-saving tool to aid his decision making process. The survey should merely aid the company in understanding their workforce better. However, in no way must its results be used to profile the future hires of the company as well as for the ideal employee of a company. Since the respondents in the survey came from different companies, their lev

Raspberry Pi Foundation DDoS Attack

Raspberry Pi Foundation DDoS Attack E Crime The perfect ‘E Crime’ – The Raspberry Pi Foundation Assessment: The perfect ‘E Crime’ – The Raspberry Pi Foundation Table of Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 Aim 1.2 Methodology 1.3 Justification 2 What is E-Crime? 2.1 Types of E-Crime? 3 The Raspberry Pi Foundation 4 The Attack 5 DoS attacks 5.1 DDoS attacks 5.2 Botnets 5.3 Protocol Attack 5.4 SYN Flood 6 Tools 6.1 High orbit ion cannon 6.1.1 High Orbit Ion Cannon Capabilities 6.2 Apache Killer 7 Defending DDoS 7.1 DDoS Defence System 7.2 DDoS Defence System Benefits 8 Example of a DoS attack 8.1 DoSing a website 8.1.1 The Result 9 Possible Perpetrators 9.1 Threat Agents 9.2 Who are the perpetrators? 10 Conclusion 11 References Figure 1 DDoS Attack Figure 2 High Orbit Ion Cannon Figure 3 Apache Killer Figure 4 DDoS Defence System Figure 5 Command Prompt Figure 6 Low Orbit Ion Cannon ready Figure 7 Low Orbit Ion Cannon attacking Figure 8 Low Orbit Ion Cannon URL Figure 9 Result of a successful DoS on a website 1 Introduction In this report the information will be based around a case study of an e crime against a SME (small-medium enterprise) that has taken place during the past 10 years. The story that has been chosen is the Raspberry Pi Foundation that was hit by DDoS attack on the 7th march 2013. The report will then explain how a cyber-criminal might have conducted this particular crime and try to assess the method and processes they might have used, including the tools, both hardware and software. While discussing tools, the report will show an example of how the tools are used to commit the crimes used from the story. The report will also show how you can defend systems from the attack that was chosen. 1.1 Aim The aim of this report is to demonstrate an understanding of cyber-attacks that are used against small, medium enterprises, and the tools (software and hardware) they use to be able to carry out these attacks. 1.2 Methodology This report was compiled utilising secondary resources, including a variety of books obtained from the library, as well as internet sources such as websites and PDFs. 1.3 Justification E-Crime Wales have documented that a Denial of service attack is one of the most common types of E-crime. (E-Crime Wales, 2012) Denial of service attack was chosen because it’s one of the most common e-Crimes out there, it is also probably one of the easiest attacks to perform, the tools used for this type of are attack are freely available to find and download, easy to use and very powerful. The company chosen was a SME and the attack was done in the last ten years. 2 What is E-Crime? E-Crime is a criminal activity where a computer or computer network is the source, tool, target, or place of a crime. E-Crime is not necessarily just for computing purposes; E-Crime’s can also be crimes such as fraud, theft, blackmail, forgery and embezzlement. E-Crime is quite difficult to become aware of and also punish because of how difficult it is, and also because attackers are able to hack victims thousands of miles away. Due to E-Crime getting a lot bigger and technology is becoming more advanced, new threats are rising very quickly and are also quite difficult for companies and people to react to them. (E-Crime Wales, 2011) 2.1 Types of E-Crime? According to the UK Government, around 87% of small businesses were victims of a security incident in 2013 up 10% and the average cost of a companys worst incident was  £35,000  £65,000 (Gov, 2013) In Wales alone it is estimated that attacks from e-criminals cost the economy around one billion. This includes financial loss, interruption of business, theft of valuable data, identity theft and a lot more caused by unauthorized access to systems. (Prior, N, 2013) Types of E-Crime are as follows: Hardware Theft Identity Theft Phishing Pharming Malware Virus’s Cyber Terrorism 3 The Raspberry Pi Foundation The Raspberry Pi Foundation is charity that was founded in 2006 which is supported by the University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory and Broadcom. The charity is there to promote computer science in schools, and is the developer of the single board computer the Raspberry Pi. In 2011, the Raspberry Pi Foundation developed a single-board computer named the Raspberry Pi. The Foundations goal was to offer two versions, priced at around  £30. The Foundation started accepting orders for the higher priced model on 29 February 2012. (Raspberry,FAQ, 2009) 4 The Attack The main attack was the third attack of out of seven days. The foundation was attacked on the afternoon of the 3rd march, where the site was disrupted for about an hour. The foundation was then again attacked two days later on the 5th march, but nothing happened and the attackers gave up after a few hours, finally on the evening of 7th March 2013, the Raspberry Pi Foundation website was attacked by a nasty Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack. The servers where hit by a SYN flood, a botnet that contained around 1 million nodes. This caused the website to become very slow, especially the forum pages. The website was also down for a few hours. This attack proved to be the worst out of the three attempts. 5 DoS attacks DoS refers to â€Å"Denial of service† attack. A DoS attack is an attack that can make a web resource unavailable to its users by flooding the target URL with more requests than the server can handle. That means that regular traffic on the website will be either slowed down or completely interrupted. (Bull Guard, 2012) 5.1 DDoS attacks DDos refers to â€Å"distributed denial of service† attack. A Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack is a DoS attack that comes from more than one source at the same time. A DDoS attack is generated using thousands can be up to hundreds of thousands of zombie machines. The machines used in such attacks are known as â€Å"botnets† in this attack there were around one million nodes in the botnet. The botnets are normally infected with malicious software, so they can be remotely controlled by the attacker. Attackers usually create the denial-of-service by either consuming server bandwidth or impairing the server itself. Targets are normally web servers, DNS servers, application servers, routers, firewalls and Internet bandwidth. (Verisign, 2012) Figure 1 DDoS Attack 5.2 Botnets Criminals use bots to infect large numbers of computers. These computers form a network, or a botnet. Criminals use botnets to send out spam email messages, spread viruses, attack computers and servers, and commit other kinds of crime and fraud. If a computer becomes part of a botnet, then the computer might slow down and maybe unintentionally be helping criminals. (E-CrimeWales, 2011) 5.3 Protocol Attack The attack used against the raspberry pi foundation was a SYN flood from a botnet. This is called a protocol attack. Protocol attacks include attacks such as SYN floods, fragmented packet attacks ETC. These types of attacks target server resources, firewalls and load balancers, and is measured in Packets per second. 5.4 SYN Flood A SYN flood DDoS attack exploits a weakness in the TCP connection sequence which is known as the three way handshake, SYN requests to start a TCP connection with a host must be answered by a SYN-ACK response from that host, and then confirmed by an ACK (ACKnowledge) response from the requester. In a SYN flood attack, the requester sends multiple SYN requests, but sometimes it doesn’t respond to the host’s SYN-ACK response, or sends the SYN requests from a spoofed IP address. Either way, the host system continues to wait for acknowledgement, binding resources until no new connections can be made, and then resulting in a denial of service attack. (Incapsula, 2012) 6 Tools 6.1 High orbit ion cannon Figure 2 High Orbit Ion Cannon (Breeden, J, 2012) The High Orbit Ion Cannon is a tool used mainly by anonymous but also used by other hacktivists. The High Orbit Ion Cannon is an upgrade of the Low Orbit Ion Cannon, but it seems that the High Orbit Ion Cannon is mainly used to just DoS websites instead of servers, which you can do on the Low Orbit Ion Cannon. The High Orbit Ion Cannon is able to use custom scripts to target more than just a website’s home page. Instead of visiting the site from a fake user, the High Orbit Ion Cannon targets sub-pages. So the attackers try to visit the welcome page, help pages, article pages and anything else a victim site has to offer. This method prevents some firewalls from recognising that the website is being attacked. Even if they do detect what’s happening, they will have trouble shutting down because the software is sending multiple fake users to multiple pages within a domain. (Breeden, J, 2012) The High Orbit Ion Cannon is really not that powerful for single users if they want to attack a big organisation, Anonymous say at least 50 people need to attack a big organisation in order to take the website down. In this instance a single user could of used this type of tool to bring down the Raspberry Pi Foundation website for a few hours, mainly because the Foundation wouldn’t have (or very little) Anti DDoS software to have been able to stop the attack. (Breeden, J, 2012) 6.1.1 High Orbit Ion Cannon Capabilities High-speed multi-threaded HTTP Flooding Simultaneously flood up to multiple websites at once Scripted Boosters to handle DDoS counter measures and increase DoS output. Generating Multiple HTTP Header to create the genuine traffic flow scenario. (Avkash, K, 2012) 6.2 Apache Killer Figure 3 Apache Killer (Expert Hacker Home, 2012) Apache killer is a DDOS/DOS tool written in Perl which sends HTTP get requests with multiple byte ranges, these byte rangesoccupya wide variety of portions in the memory space. Byte Range helps browsers or downloading applications to download required parts of files. This helps reduce bandwidth usage. While the script sends dozens of unsorted components in the request header to cause the apacheserver to malfunction. (Rafayhackingarticles, 2012) If the attack is successful the results can be devastating and can end up in rendering the original operating system unusable only if the requests are sent parallel. (Hoffman, S, 2011). 7 Defending DDoS There are a number of ways to defend against DDoS attacks: Black-holing or sinkholing: This approach blocks all traffic and diverts it to a black hole, where it is discarded. The downside is that all traffic is discarded good and bad, packet-filtering and rate-limiting measures simply shut everything down, denying access to legitimate users. (ComputerWorld Inc, 2004) Routers and firewalls: Routers can be configured to stop simple ping attacks by filtering nonessential protocols and can also stop invalid IP addresses. However, routers are pretty much useless against a more sophisticated spoof attack and application-level attacks using valid IP addresses. Firewalls can shut down a specific flow associated with an attack, but like routers, they cant perform anti-spoofing. (ComputerWorld Inc, 2004) 7.1 DDoS Defence System Figure 4 DDoS Defence System (Coreo Network Security, 2012) The DDoS Defence System (DDS) prevents DDoS attacks from crippling firewalls, intrusion prevention systems (IPS), switches and targeted web and DNS servers. It stops all types of DDoS attacks and maintains full availability without effecting performance. DDS provides maximum protection for critical IT assets while allowing full access to legitimate users and applications. (Coreo Network Security, 2012) DDS detects and blocks all forms of DDoS attacks, including: Application layer Network layer flooding Specially crafted exploits Reflective Outbound attacks 7.2 DDoS Defence System Benefits Detects and mitigates both traditional network-layer DDoS attacks and more advanced application-layer attacks Protects your network, allowing legitimate communications to pass without delay provides automated real-time defence against identified DDoS attack sources 8 Example of a DoS attack The following attack was performed in a virtual environment using DoS and DDoS software. In the example the DoS tool that was used was the Low Orbit Ion Cannon and Windows server 2008. Figure 5 Command Prompt As you can see in figure 5, it shows a simple IPconfig command to show the IP address for the attack. Figure 6 Low Orbit Ion Cannon ready In Figure 6 you can see that the Low Orbit Ion Cannon is ready to set off. As you can see the Server 2008 IP address has been locked on ready for it to be DoS’ed. Just underneath the address you can see the speed of the attack, the faster it is the more requests that are sent to the server, underneath that it then shows the method, port, thread and timeout for the attack. Figure 7 Low Orbit Ion Cannon attacking As from figure 6 you can see all the things are the same and ready to go. After clicking â€Å"IMMA CHARGIN MAH LAZER† you can see the attack is working by looking at the bottom of Figure 7 where it is showing the number of requests being sent. That number was just after around one minute of the server being attacked, so the amount requested would be a lot higher after around five minutes time which would probably be enough time. The purpose of Dos’ing a server is so that it stops any requests to that server, it sends multiple fake requests to the server stopping anything else being connected to it. 8.1 DoSing a website Figure 8 Low Orbit Ion Cannon URL The Low Orbit Ion Cannon can also be used to DoS a website, by simply typing in the website you want to DoS in the URL tab, click lock on and then fire the cannon. The purpose of DoSing a website is by flooding the target URL with more requests than the server can handle causing the website to crash and to be temporarily unavailable. 8.1.1 The Result Figure 9 Result of a successful DoS on a website If a DoS/DDoS attack is successful on a website then this is normally what you’ll see when you try to access the website, the DoS attack has clearly crashed the website and caused it to offline. 9 Possible Perpetrators The Possible perpetrators could be a number of people or organised crime. Even though there is no evidence from the foundation on who was behind the attack or the location it came. 9.1 Threat Agents The possible threat agents that could have been behind this attack are as follows Employees Government agencies Hacktivists groups e.g. Anonymous Organised criminals 9.2 Who are the perpetrators? From conducting the research there is no evidence of who was behind the attack and where that attack had come from. Looking at the possible threat agents it’s very unlikely that the attack could of come from a government agency or a type of hacktivist group such as anonymous, Lulzsec etc, if the attack came from one of them two types of threat agents the attack could have been a lot more sophisticated and could have caused a lot more damage. The Raspberry Pi Foundation quote that the attacker was probably â€Å" an angry confused kid† which is easy to believe considering the attack was attempted multiple times throughout that week, but its possible that the attack may not be linked to the same person, it could also be the same attacker with help from others to make sure the attack was successful or it could have been another attacker. The foundation says that the attack was probably for financial gain but there is no comment of any data being stolen. 10 Conclusion Throughout the report it shows how frightening it is that any sorts of hacker or hacktivist group are willing to attack anyone. It’s scary to think that even charity websites are vulnerable to attacks. Looking at this attack the foundation is lucky that it wasn’t attacked by a bigger threat agent from a hacktivist group which could have caused a lot more damage. The report also shows how easy it is to get your hands on the tools that are commonly used, how easy they are to use and how powerful they actually are. The examples of the attacks show how powerful the tools can be, the Low Orbit Ion Cannon sends a high amount of requests to servers and websites in a short space of time. 11 References Raspberry, FAQ. (2009). About Us. Available: http://www.raspberrypi.org/about. Last accessed 19/03/2014. E-Crime Wales. (2011). What is e-Crime?. Available: http://www.ecrimewales.com/server.php?show=nav.8856. Last accessed 17/03/2014. Breeden, J. (2012). Hackers new firepower adds firepower to DDOS. Available: http://gcn.com/Articles/2012/10/24/Hackers-new-super-weapon-adds-firepower-to-DDOS.aspx?Page=2. Last accessed 18/03/2014. Expert, Hacker Home. (2012). Latest Methods of DDoS attacks. Available: http://experthackershome.blogspot.co.uk/2012/07/ddos-attacks-in-2012-latest-method-of.html. Last accessed 18/03/2013. E-Crime, Wales. (2011). Botnets Explained. Available: http://www.ecrimewales.com/server.php?show=nav.9390. Last accessed 26/03/2014. Coreo Network Security. (2012). How to stop DDoS Attacks. Available: http://www.corero.com/en/products_and_services/dds. Last accessed 27/03/2014. ComputerWorld Inc. (2004). How to defend against DDoS attacks. Available: http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/94014/How_to_defend_against_DDoS_attacks. Last accessed 27/03/2014. Bull Guard. (2012). What are DoS and DDoS attacks?. Available: http://www.bullguard.com/bullguard-security-center/internet-security/internet-threats/what-are-dos-and-ddos-attacks.aspx. Last accessed 20/03/2014. Verisign. (2012). What is a DDoS attacks?. Available: http://www.verisigninc.com/en_US/products-and-services/network-intelligence-availability/ddos/ddos-attack/index.xhtml. Last accessed 20/03/2014. Incapsula. (2012). DDoS Attack Types. Available: http://www.incapsula.com/ddos/ddos-attacks. Last accessed 20/03/2014. rafayhackingarticles. (2012). Apache Killer. Available: http://www.rafayhackingarticles.net/2011/08/zero-day-dos-vulnerability-in-apache.html. Last accessed 23/03/2014. Hoffman, S. (2011). Apache Killer Tool Exploits DoS Flaw. Available: http://www.crn.com/news/security/231600200/apache-killer-tool-exploits-dos-flaw.htm. Last accessed 23/03/2014. 1

How The Internet Got Started :: essays research papers

How The Internet Got Started   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some thirty years ago , the Rand corporation , America's formost cold war think tank, faced a strange straegic problem. How could the US authrieties succesfully communicate after a nuclear war?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Postnuclear America would need a comand-and-control network, linked from city to city , state to state, base to base . But no matter how throughly that network was armored or protected , its switches and wiring would always be vulnerable to the impact of atomic bombs. A nuclear attack would reduce any conceivable network to tatters. And how would the network itself be commanded and controlled ? Any central authority, any network central citadel, would be an obvious and immediate target for man enemy missle. The center of the network would be the very first place to go.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  RAND mulled over this grim puzzle in deep military secrecy, and arrived at a daring solution made in 1964.The principles were simple . The network itself would be assumed to be unreliable at all times . It would be designed from the get-go to tyranscend its all times . It would be designed from the get-go to transcend its own unrreliability. All the nodes from computers in the network would be equal in status to all other nodes , each node with its own authority to originate , pass , and recieve messages. The messages would be divided into packets, each packet seperatly addressed. Each packet would begin at some specified source node , and end at some other specified destination node . Each packet would wind its way through the network on an individual basis.In fall 1969, the first such node was insalled in UCLA. By December 1969, there were 4 nodes on the infant network, which was named arpanet, after its Pentagon sponsor. The four computers could even be programed remotely from the other nodes. thanks to ARPANET scientists and researchers could share one another's computer facilities by long -distance . This was a very handy service , for computer- time was precious in the early ‘70s. In 1971 ther were fifteen nodes in Arpanet; by 1972, thirty-seven nodes. And it was good. As early as 1977, TCP/IP was being used by other networks to link to ARPANET. ARPANET itself remained fairly tightly controlled,at least until 1983,when its military segment broke off and became MILNET. TCP/IP became more common,entire other networks fell into the digital embrace of the Internet,and messily adhered. Since the software called TCP/IP was public domain and he basic technology was decentralized and rather anarchic by its very nature,it as difficult to stop people from barging in linking up somewhere or other.

Research Paper on Spina Bifida Essay

There are many diseases in the world that affect the human body. In many cases people do not care or don’t become aware of all the diseases that can be harmful and possibly put their lives at risk. There is a great list of diseases that can impact our lives. For example, one of the diseases that I found to be sadly life changing is the Spina Bifida. Even though, the outlook for children with spina bifida has changed dramatically over the years; a study has shown that with appropriate medical care about 75% of children born with the most severe form of spina bifida will most likely live until their early adult years. What exactly is a spina bifida? Well it occurs when the fetus is growing in the womb and its spine doesn’t form correctly. Some of the bones in the spine don’t close to make their normal ring shapes around the spinal cord, and the opening that results causes one of these types of spina bifida: spina bifida occulta and spina bifida cystica- meningocele and myelomeningocele. The spina bifida occulta is a tiny opening that usually causes mild or no symptoms. Whereas, the spina bifida cystica-meningocele is a big enough opening so that some of the membrane surrounding the spinal cord sticks out through the opening. However, the most serious kind, in which some of the spinal cord itself sticks out through the opening in the spine is the spina bifida cystica-myelomeningocele. Some of the symptoms of this disease varies and depends on where along the spine the opening occurred or which type of spina bifida has occurred. Not only that, children born with spina bifida may have other nervous system disorders such as hydrocephalus or Chiari malformation. This disease occurs more frequently among Hispanics and whites of European extraction, and less commonly among Asians and African-Americans. About 95% of babies born with spina bifida have no family history of it. However, if a mother has a child with spina bifida, the risk of it happening again in a pregnancy is greatly increased. One of the reasons of this disease happens because of the deficiency of folic acid during the pregnancy stage. Although, the FDA mandated that all enriched cereal grain products be fortified with folic acid to help reduce the chance of spina bifida from happening. There are still some issues about adding folic acid to foods. The treatment for this disease consists of managing the symptoms that the person has, such as difficulty standing, walking, or urinating. Some people will be able to walk with crutches or leg braces; others may need a wheelchair to get around. However, children and adults with myelomeningocele have the most medical complications and need the most medical care. Even though, there is no complete cure spina bifida. The opening in the spine can be closed surgically either before or after birth, and this could reduce its effects on the body. Overall, spina bifida is the most common birth defect that affects a lot of newborns in the United States and other parts of the world.

Saying Yes in French With Oui, Ouais, Mouais, and Si

Saying Yes in French With Oui, Ouais, Mouais, and Si Any student of French,  whether class-taught or self-taught, knows how to say yes: oui (pronounced like we in English). But there are some secrets to be revealed about this simple French word if you want to speak like a French native. Yes, I do. Yes, I am. Yes, I can...Just oui in French Saying yes looks pretty straightforward. - Tu aimes le chocolat? Do you like chocolate?- Oui. Yes, I do. However, things are not as easy as they seem. In English, you would not answer this question simply by saying yes. Youd say: yes I do. Its a mistake I hear all the time, especially with my beginner French students. They answer oui, je fais, or oui, jaime. But oui is self-sufficient in French. You may repeat the whole sentence: - oui, jaime le chocolat. Or just say oui. Its good enough in French.   Ouais: the informal French yes When hearing French people speak, youll hear this one a lot.   - Tu habites en France? Do you live in France?- Ouais, jhabite Paris. Yep, I live in Paris. Its pronounced like way in English. Ouais is the equivalent of yep. We use it all the time. Ive heard French teachers say it was vulgar. Well, maybe fifty years ago. But not anymore. I mean, its definitely casual French, just like you wouldnt say yep in English in every situation... Mouais: showing little enthusiasm A variation of ouais is mouais to show that you are not too crazy about something. - Tu aimes le chocolat?- Mouais, en fait, pas trop. Yeah, in fact, not that much. Mouais: showing doubt Another version is mmmmouais with a doubtful expression. This is more like: yeah, youre right, said ironically. It means you doubt the person is saying the truth.   - Tu aimes le chocolat?- Non, je naime pas beaucoup à §a. No, I dont like it a lot.- Mouais... tout le monde aime le chocolat. Je ne te crois pas. Right... everybody likes chocolate. I dont believe you. Si: but yes I do (although you said I didnt) Si is another French word to say yes, but we only use it in a very specific situation. To contradict someone who made a statement in the negative form. - Tu naimes pas le chocolat, nest-ce pas? You dont like chocolate, right?- Mais, bien sà »r que si! Jadore à §a! But, of course I do! I love that! The key here is the  statement in the negative. We dont use si for yes otherwise. Now, si is yes in other languages, such as Spanish and Italian. How confusing! Mais oui This is the typical French sentence: mais oui... sacrebleu...blah blah blah...I really dont know why. I promise you French people dont say mais oui all the time... Mais oui is actually quite strong. It means: but yes, of course, its obvious, isnt it? Its often used when youre annoyed. - Tu aimes le chocolat?  - Mais oui! Je te lai dà ©j dit mille fois! YES! I already told you a thousand times! Now, lets see how to say no in French.

Contract Negotiations Essay Example

Contract Negotiations Essay Example Contract Negotiations Essay Contract Negotiations Essay Contract Negotiations Cathy Piersall OMM618: Human Resources Management Instructor: Fabio Moro March 14, 2013 The producers said the WGA was not bargaining in good faith. What did they mean by that, and do you think the evidence is sufficient to support the claim? Firstly, everyone understand what Good Faith bargaining stands for: Good-faith bargaining generally refers to the duty of the parties to meet and negotiate at reasonable times with willingness to reach agreement on matters within the scope of representation; however, neither party is required to make a concession or agree to any proposal (USlegal. om, 2001-2013). Good faith bargaining requires employers and unions involved in collective bargaining to: 1. ) use their best endeavors to agree to an effective bargaining process; 2. ) meet and consider and respond to proposals made by each other; 3. ) respect the role of the others representative by not seeking to bargain directly with those for whom the representative acts 4. ) not do anything to undermine the bargaining process or the authority of the others representative (USlegal. com, 2001-2013). It is dishonest labor practice for any union to reject to bargain in good faith with the employer concerning wages, hours, and other employment conditions (Dessler, 2011). Dessler (2011) states, that in† October 2007, the Writers Guild asked its members for strike approval, and the producers were maintaining that the guild was just trying to delay negotiations until the current contract expired at the end of October†. Both the Writers Guild and the producers knew that timing for these negotiations is crucial. Television series are in full production during the fall and spring. If the writers were to go on strike now would have a bigger impact than they would have if they waited until the end of October. The proof the producers had at that time was the WGA negotiating committee stayed less than an hour at the bargaining table before leaving (Dessler, 2011). The WGA did eventually strike. What tactics could the producers have used to fight back once the strike began? What tactics do you think the WGA used? Some of the tactics the producers could have used in fight back once the strike began are: 1. ) agree to stand firm to specific terms while giving some lead way on others; 2) continued to promote for new media. WGAs tactics consisted of delaying until their contracts to run out and declined to write anything until an agreement had been reached. This was a conflict between professional and creative people (the WGA) and TV and movie producers. Do you think the conflict was therefore different in any way than are the conflicts between, say, the auto workers or Teamsters unions against auto and trucking companies? Why? I believe that this conflict could be thought of as talent versus business. On the other hand, WGA writers felt that their work was a form of art and they felt that it should be treated like art should be paid for sharing their art. On the other hand, some of the producers may not see the work of the writers as art but see it as work nothing special. Some people do not consider the passions and commitments that writers put into their work. The producers claimed they wanted a profit-splitting system instead of the current residual system (Dressler, 2011, p. 288). I believe the conflict could have been solved much earlier if the two sides could have come to an answer on the residual system. What role (with examples, please) did negotiating skills seem to play in the WGA-producers’ negotiations? In February 2008, the WGA and producers at last came to an agreement. The new contract was â€Å"the direct result of renewed negotiations between the two sides, which culminated Friday with a marathon session including top WGA officials and the heads of the Walt Disney Co. and News Corp† (Dessler, 2011, pg 288). References: USlegal. com, (2001-2013). â€Å"Legal Terms, Definitions and Dictionary†. Retrieved March 12, 2013 from website http://definitions. uslegal. com/g/good-faith-bargaining/ Dessler, G. (2011). â€Å"A Framework for Human Resource Management† (6th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Employee relation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Employee relation - Essay Example The unitary frame of reference is common among managers and it suggests the idea of unity, as the name implies. It means that all people in the organization are collectively working towards one goal with one central authority or managerial team. It also suggests that all the people working in an organization should have well-established ideas regarding the oneness of authority and conflict should be abhorred. In stark contrast, the pluralistic frame of reference suggests that each person working in an organization has varying interest, ideas, preferences, and opinions. There is no unity when responses are conditioned in such a way. Interest groups are formed within an organization and they have to struggle a lot for gaining their particular individual goals. Each group has drastically different interests and the manager’s role is to balance those interests effectively for achieving such objectives that are fruitful for an organization. Trade unions are made by the members of an organization themselves in order to protect their rights, interests and other betterment-oriented objectives. Most of the trade unions operate independently but some remain in constant contact with the employers in order to struggle together for achieving the same goals and desires. Now, the industrial or employee relations are based on the negotiation or discussion of those rights and demands of the employees that they want from their employers. Trade unionism has direct effects on the employee relations and it markedly molds those relations according to the nature of the scenario and the severity of the problems. According to (HRM Guide, 2010), the concept and significance of trade unionism is shifting now. The age of mass production is almost gone now and the present age is of individualism that does not support much the concept of trade unionism. This suggests that trade unionism is on a decline presently in most of the

What does Machiavelli mean by a corrupt people What does he mean by Research Paper

What does Machiavelli mean by a corrupt people What does he mean by corrupt leaders What circumstances promote corruption Can a corrupt people be reformed - Research Paper Example The political climate in Florence was against this, as a result a civil war ensured, and led to the mass murder of people in Pistoia. In Niccollo Machiavelli’s perspective, it is better for a leader to practice cruelty, for purposes of stabilizing and protecting its people. Had Italy sent troops to Pistoia, few people would have died, as opposed to the thousands who died during the conflict. On this notion, Machiavelli states that the leaders are corrupt. This is because they are unable to protect the institutions of the state, and maintain order2. A corrupt people are those who are not loyal to the state, and this is depicted through their treachery, selfishness, ungratefulness, brutality and covetousness. In Machiavelli’s view, these people are most likely to lead to the fall of the state if their actions are not checked, and behavior’s controlled. In Niccolo Machiavelli’s view, corruption among the people emanates when the leader, is lenient to them. Machiavelli denotes that because of the brutal and selfish nature of the people, it is dangerous for a leader to become a philosopher king3. This is a leader who rules through virtue, and in consideration to the rights of his people. A leader, who practices virtue while leading the state, is a corrupt leader, because he will fail in protecting his people, and his authority. To rectify this situation, Niccollo Machiavelli argues that it is wise for a leader to practice treachery, cruelty, and authoritarian leadership. Machiavelli states that it is wise for a leader to become a lion, as the time he is a fox. Machiavelli used this example because a lion cannot avoid a trap, while a fox is powerless when attacked by a wolf4. To acquire skills of escaping the laid out traps, it is important for a leader to be a fox, and to portray strength, it is important for a leader to be a lion. On this note, to