Rhizoremediation of Lead Using Alternanthera Versicolor

Rhizoremediation of Lead Using Alternanthera Versicolor Shalini S., Priyasha G., Sohini B. furthermore, Jabez Osborne W* Dynamic: Anthropogenic improvement has been a significant disadvantage because of the expanded release of overwhelming metals into nature containing the soaked and unsaturated zones of soil. Substantial metals are those which have thickness more than 5gram per cm shape. Lead causes significant wellbeing perils like Plumbism (lead harming) at higher focuses. In the current investigation the capacity of Alternenthera versicolor to phytoremediate harmful lead tainting was surveyed at various groupings of lead. To improve the take-up capacities of Alternenthera versicolor, bacterial life form equipped for lead debasement was enhanced. The examples were removed at a time period, 20 and 30 days. The take-up of lead was surveyed by AAS, chlorophyll and anthocyanin content was likewise checked. Further the successful strain were described by 16s rRNA sequencing. Catchphrases: Rhizoremediation, 16s rRNA, PGPR, AAS, Anthocyanin, Chlorophyll Presentation The most well-known overwhelming metals found in dangerous locales are Lead(Pb), Copper(Cu), Chromium(Cr),Nickel(Ni) and Zinc(Zn).Ionic and hydroxide structures are the general types of these substantial metals found in soil, ground water and surface water (Gade,.2000). Substantial metal sullying is a significant concern since they can't be corrupted (Lone et al,. 2008). Plant development advancing rhizobacteria are heterogeneous gathering of microscopic organisms that can be found in the rhizosphere, and in relationship with roots. The plant-microorganisms synergistic association in the rhizosphere is determinants of plant development and richness. These include the capacity to deliver indole acidic corrosive which is a significant development administrative hormone, to create siderophores which empower the take-up of solubilised mineral phosphate from the dirt, HCN creation and Ammonia creation. Morphological examinations include the root and shoot length. Consequently relying on t he outcomes acquired for every focus, we can decide the most extreme fixation at which the microscopic organisms can withstand lead defilement. In this way the current investigation includes the phytoremediation of lead gracefully by Alternenthera versicolor followed by the rhizoremedial tidy up by the synergistic association between the viable rhizobacterial confine and the plant. MATERIALS AND METHODS Test Collection For the confinement of lead debasing microscopic organisms, tannery ooze was gathered from four areas in Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India. All the examples were gathered utilizing sterile polyethylene packs and were saved promptly (McGrath et al,. 2001). Separation of lead safe microorganisms from tannery muck test Lead safe microbes were segregated from tannery muck utilizing sequential weakening method and 10-4 weakenings onto MSM agar plates enhanced with 150 mg/L lead fixation. The acquired unadulterated provinces were sanitized on MSM agar plates with 150mg/L lead. Screening Techniques The compelling segregates got from the tannery slime test, were screened for its PGPR attributes. Indole Acetic Acid Production For estimation of IAA creation, the technique portrayed by (Gordon et al,â 2000). was followed. The separates were vaccinated in Nutrient stock and were hatched in the shaker at 120 rpm for 24hours. 100  µl of inocula from overnight culture of NB was vaccinated in MS Media that was enhanced with 5mM L-tryptophan and was brooded in shaker for 48hours. The way of life acquired were centrifuged at 10000 rpm for 10 minutes. 2ml of supernatant was taken and scarcely any drops of Salkowski’s reagent was added to it. Optical thickness was taken at 530 nm utilizing spectrophotometer. (Hussain et. al,. 2013) Phosphate Solubilisation For the location of phosphate solubilising ability of the powerful seclude, Pikovskaya agar media was vaccinated with viable detach and zone of hindrance was seen following 4 days brooding at RT. (Hussain et. al.â 2013) Development Kinetics Study For development energy study, seed culture of the powerful disengage VITPSS1J was set up in MSM. 2% inoculum of 0.5 OD culture was included LB stock. O.D readings were taken at each 30 mins till fixed stage was accomplished and a plot was plotted against O.D. also, time span. Readiness of pot societies 64 pots were arranged each comprising of one control and three test pots (Cosio et al, .2004). 2 kgs of sieved garden soil was utilized to plant Alternanthera versicolor plantlets (20 cm long) in each pot. Pots were put in nursery for 10 days for the plantlets to get adjusted. The pot culture sets were set up as indicated by two measures: 1. As indicated by different convergences of lead being included and 2. As per the quantity of long stretches of study (10, 20). After the adjustment was finished, different fixations (25mg/L, 50mg/L, 75mg/L and 100 mg/L) of lead was included at standard stretch. Fig 1: Pot societies of Alternanthera versicolor arranged in 2 kg soil with changing lead fixation Treatment of powerful strain in pots Seed culture of powerful disconnect VITPSS1J was set up in Nutrient stock (brooded at RT for 24 hrs). The bacterial culture was further mass increased by immunizing 100î ¼l of seed culture into 4 Erlenmeyer jars, each containing 250ml NB. 10 ml of this mass duplicated culture was added to each pot and left for next 10 days (Hussain et al,. 2013). Following 10 days, first arrangement of plants were evacuated from the pots (tenth day pots everything being equal). Further examinations were done on the removed plants so as to contemplate the take-up of lead by these plants in relationship with microorganisms in 10 days. Morphological portrayal The root and shoot length of the removed plants was determined. The length of root and shoot of the test plants were contrasted and that of the control plants. Examination of the root-shoot length was likewise done among plants removed from different fixations. The shade of the plants was additionally watched. Anthocyanin Estimation Anthocyanin is a shade answerable for the red, purple, blue shade of a few foods grown from the ground, oats and grains. Anthocyanin can likewise be utilized as a pH marker. Each plant was read for the measure of anthocyanin present. The leaves of a plant were taken and ground with 70% ethanol and 7% acidic corrosive (in the proportion 3:2) in a mortar-pestle and moved to Falcon tubes. Sterile water was included all cylinders including the controls. The cylinders were kept in revolving shaker for 10 minutes and afterward centrifuged (15 mins, 4 ºC, 4500 rpm). The supernatant was expelled and 400  µl of methanol was included every cylinder. The anthocyanin content was estimated by taking the UV spectrophotometric perusing at 530 nm and 657 nm. A similar methodology was followed for all the 12 plants. Chlorophyll Estimation Each plant was likewise read for deciding the chlorophyll content. The leaves were cut into little pieces and blended in with 70% ethanol and ground utilizing mortar-pestle. The blend was then moved to Falcon tubes and centrifuged at 6000 rpm for 10 mins. Supernatant was utilized for spectrophotometer examine of chlorophyll at 665nm and 652 nm. RESULTS Disengagement of lead safe microscopic organisms An aggregate of three morphologically particular states were seen in MSM agar plates enhanced with 150mg/l of lead and named VITPSS1J, VITPSS2J, VITPSS3J Fig 2: Mother culture plates of the disconnected microscopic organisms from tannery ooze B. PGPR investigation of secludes Indole Acetic Acid Production: The capacity of acquired secludes for IAA creation was evaluated. Pink shading was watched for disengage VITPSS3J. Consequently VITPSS3J was utilized for additional examinations. Phosphate Solubilisation: For the recognition of phosphate solubilisation, an away from of hindrance is considered as a positive compliance for solubilisation. As the segregates couldn't deliver any unmistakable zone saw in the Pikovskaya media plate, the confines were viewed as negative for phosphate solubilisation. Development Kinetics: Development energy was performed for powerful isolateVITPSS3J. Fixed stage was accomplished at 270 min (Graph1) B. Morphological Characterisation: The leaves of Alternanthera versicolor are initially rosy purple in shading. In any case, it was seen that after the flexibly of lead in the dirt the shade of leaves turned green. Root and shoot length were estimated for Alternanthera versicolor at ordinary timespan, 20 days to check the impact of harmful lead centralization of plant development (Table1, Table2). Table 2: Root and shoot estimation following 10 days of perception Table 3: Root and Shoot estimation following 20 days of perception Anthocyanin and Chlorophyll fixation Anthocyanin is a shade answerable for purple, blue shade of a few organic products grains and blossoms. Chlorophyll is a shade which gives green shading to the plant. (Table 3, 4) Table 4: Anthocyanin and Chlorophyll estimation following 10 days of perception Table 5: Anthocyanin and Chlorophyll estimation following 20 days of perception Figure 1 Estimation of anthocyanin following 10 days of perception Figure 2 Estimation of chlorophyll b by utilizing spectrophotometer (652nm) Figure 3Fig 5: Estimation of chlorophyll an utilizing spectrophotometer (665 nm) following 10 days of perception Figure 4. Estimation of Anthocyanin following 20 days of perception Figure 5Fig 7: Estimation of chlorophyll b by utilizing spectrophotometer (652 nm) following 10 days of perception Figure 6Fig 8: Estimation of chlorophyll a by utilizing spectrophotometer (665 nm) following 20 days of perception Sub-atomic portrayal The acquired confine was described molecularly by 16s rRNA sequencing (Sarita et al,. 2005). Compelling bacterial strains were portrayed utilizing the general groundworks 27F (5’-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3’) and 1492R (GGTTACCTTGTTTTACGACTT-3†). DNA separates from cell’s DNA and the 16s Rrn

Children of Incarcerated Parents Free Essays

Impacts on Children of Incarcerated Fathers Most of the detainment facilities in America are packed. They are packed with men, the vast majority of which are fathers and about portion of these imprisoned dads were living with their youngster or kids before going to jail. The consequences for these kids can be hindering. We will compose a custom article test on Offspring of Incarcerated Parents or then again any comparable subject just for you Request Now This can likewise cause stressed associations with the moms or other relatives putting forth a valiant effort to deal with these kids while their dad is away. There can be social just as enthusiastic issues, however fortunately there are numerous states that are attempting to oblige for the parent being gone with projects and camps for these youngsters. Numerous social issues happen with an offspring of an imprisoned dad as they become more established. It is normal information that if a parent or any guardian vanishes from a child’s life, that child’s connection to that individual will decrease. It is difficult to build up a child’s trust and requires significant investment, so if a parent vanishes that the youngster has relied upon, it can influence the fate of the kid. He/she may grow up intuition they can't get excessively near somebody, dreading they’ll lose that individual. A ton of social issues can likewise happen in a kid. This may occur at home, in school, or in the roads. â€Å"Absence of the dad is connected more with ‘acting out’ conduct, (for example, threatening vibe, utilization of medications or liquor, fleeing, school truancy, discipline issues, forceful acts and inclusion in reprobate exercises (Rosenburg 2009). † Being introverted is taken a gander at as a rundown of various practices that disturb regularity. As the offspring of a detained parent develops to be a juvenile, there might be significantly increasingly social issues. Presently the youngster is growing up and can stumble into more difficulty for their social abnormality. With regards to getting in a difficult situation, they may utilize reasons to raise them to get into more ruckus. All things considered, what reason is better than, â€Å"My father did it? † It is exceptionally pitiful when children are separated socially from their companions as a result of their circumstance; in any event, when it isn't their deficiency. There was an investigation done in Oregon with 22 youngsters with imprisoned dads. Inside this gathering, six kids conceded they had no companions and four of these kids said different guardians would not permit their children to play with them in light of the fact that there â€Å"dad was in prison. These kids grow up with sentiments of disgrace, shame, and blends of expectation and fears of their associations with their dads, which drives them to be dealt with diversely as they become more seasoned. A dad being gone in jail is likewise a tremendous money related strain on their families. Regardless of whether it be from the dad having a vocation (legitimate or unlawful), the family despite everything relies upon that pay to help bolster the family. A great deal of families need assistance through Public Aid to overcome these troublesome occasions. The family goes to food stamps, clinical help, and youngster care help. There are likewise numerous intense subject matters that happen for a kid managing a dad in jail. At times the youngster or kids remain with another parental figure while their father(s) is/are in jail. It turns out to be route more diligently for the mother alone to keep up a family unit in the event that she has depended on the dad for help and backing. This can cause enthusiastic issues with the parental figure the kid is remaining with. There are numerous children that are dealt with by their grandparents, different family members, companions, or much child care. These children can become flimsy rapidly provided that there is no comparative with deal with them, they need to quickly be set in child care since they become wards of the adolescent court. They are naturally pushed into an increasingly steady family unit, but since that is the thing that they are not used to, their characters become insecure. â€Å"The 1980 Federal Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Reform Act command that youngsters who are set in child care should either be come back to their folks or put with long haul watchmen inside 12-year and a half (Hairston 2007). This allows the guardians to fix what they have done and acknowledge what they are doing to their youngsters, so they don't need to experience increasingly passionate hardships. When unexpectedly expelling a kid from their dad is disregarding the passionate needs of that youngster/kids. They wind up feeling defenseless, alone, and alarmed While being a dad in jail, it is as yet important to build up a parenta l association with their child or little girl. It has been said that it is generally valuable to have the two guardians in the child’s life. They should make their own job despite the fact that they are in the slammer. An examination demonstrated that most detained fathers have sentiments of â€Å"helplessness and troubles in being a ‘good father (Rosenburg 2009). † There are numerous reasons why the dads may feel along these lines. A great deal of moms will not carry the kids to a jail or prison, however a ton of moms may have an issue with accounts, transportation, or time. There are severe guidelines and codes to follow when visiting a detainee, so it would be hard for a kid to act regularly with their dad. Holding up times can be long, youngsters will be searched, and risks are it will be hot, messy, and swarmed. The parental figure may state that is genuinely scarring and the meeting can affect the youngster. At the point when a dad is sent away, he isn't sent to a jail as per the family’s home. For those that are close, they are fortunate, however in the event that an individual is in the state’s Department of Corrections, they can be sent anyplace in the state. At the point when these dads are removed, the kids get practically no help on the most proficient method to manage their anguish, misfortune, outrage, disgrace, and dread. Contingent upon where the dad is in jail, various projects can be accessible. There are parent training courses-which most detainment facilities show extraordinary parent-youngster visits, kid situated visiting exercises, parent bolster gatherings, and authority and parental rights administrations. These projects are intended to create and reinforce connections, give access to administrations, and address the issues that face the detained parent with regards to child rearing. There is additionally an assistance for father in a correctional facility that gives distributions on self improvement bolster gatherings. It serves numerous jails with imprisoned dads in the US and Canada. There are an ever increasing number of states planning something for decrease the effect of a parent going to jail on the youngster. States are presently tending to the necessities of a kid at the time a parent is captured. New laws are currently requiring progressively broad preparing to guarantee the wellbeing of a youngster at the hour of capture. A few states are likewise expecting judges to now consider the impacts of a parent’s imprisonment on the kid. â€Å"One Tennessee adjudicator routinely demands that a video of the dad connecting with the kid go with family sway articulations (Christian 2009). A few strategies are being forced to require kid inviting visiting regions inside detainment facilities and prisons, preparing prison guards to have a superior comprehension of visiting youngsters, and lessening the expense of keeping in touch. Government assistance offices in New York are presently expecting courses of action to be made for the youngster to keep a significa nt relationship with that kid, except if there is clear proof that a relationship would be impeding to the kid. These courses of action would incorporate transportation and offering social and rehabilitative types of assistance to determine or address the roblems which forbid typical contact with the kid. Most typical child rearing classes don't address the issues of detained guardians. On the off chance that these projects need to prevail with regards to diminishing crimes, they should be increasingly explicit to keeping up a nearness in a child’s life. There are nurseries and various lodging for moms that are imprisoned, so why not fathers? In New York, there is an office called The Bedford Hills Correctional Facility. They likewise have a children’s focus with their own structure, which permits for the time being and summer visits for more seasoned kids. There are prisoner parental figures that function as partners in the inside, which have experienced a certify program that gets ready alumni to educate in an authorize nursery anyplace in the nation. There is a dayroom intended for the children to play and different prisoners to frame new companionships. It is a phenomenal open door for these youngsters to make new fellowships with other kids experiencing something very similar. For what reason should these just be applied to ladies prisoners with youngsters? It is nothing unexpected that fathers are similarly as significant in a child’s life as a mother may be. In the event that there were more childcare communities for men’s detainment facilities, there would presumably be less brutality and issues inside the number of inhabitants in the jail. On the off chance that the Department of Corrections would give these men a motivator for their great conduct to see their families in a more â€Å"home-like† setting, there would be much less lockdowns. Numerous issues happen inside a kid when their dad goes to jail. There will be social and enthusiastic issues, including outrage, misery, disgrace, and blame. They will be socially detached and for any youngster, that is anything but a positive thing in their life. In spite of the fact that these issues have been continuing for quite a while, states are currently introducing new laws and suggestions for families with an imprisoned dad. Little changes in the legal framework will help keep these children in the clear and keep on keeping up a solid relationship with their dad. Having two guardians is the best reason for bringing up a youngster and regardless of whether one of the guardians is missing, it is still best to keep up a fatherly bond with the kid. As a single parent of a kid that has been bringing up a youngster experiencing this, I have continually stayed in touch with my

Change Management of People and Technology in an ERP Implementation Case Study

Change Management of People and Technology in an ERP Implementation - Case Study Example PowerIT's hosts chose to secure a third gathering changed off-the-rack arrangement. The fundamental explanation for the execution of the outsider adjusted off-the-rack arrangement is the less compelling framework advancement aptitude of the PowerIT's inward IT office. As such we can likewise say that PowerIT would not like to face the challenge of such immense turn of events. Subsequently PowerIT hosts chose to get third gathering adjusted off-the-rack arrangement (Edwards and Humphries). In the investigation of this framework the case scholars have proclaimed the various regions of the framework execution with various positions. For instance the â€Å"Software Development Expertise† with respect to the outsider adjusted off-the-rack arrangement is positioned as â€Å"HIGH†. This implies the framework improvement firm that will build up the framework is having top notch framework engineers; those are having broad skill in the framework advancement. In this situation the PowerIT needs and not have such skillful specialists and expert for such a colossal turn of events. For this situation in-house-improvement of the framework can be a disappointment. The case scholars have positioned the second part of the outsider adjusted off-the-rack arrangement as â€Å"HIGH† that is about the â€Å"Application Domain Expertise†. In this situation we can likewise have better aptitude of the general framework improvement through the outsider adjusted off-the-rack arrangement.

Aristotle Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Aristotle - Term Paper Example One of his greatest achievement similar to the arrangement of information into controls, for example, science, science and morals (Iep). Aristotle is viewed as the dad of the field of rationale. He was the main individual to build up a formalized arrangement of thinking. In light of Aristotle’s theory the legitimacy of any contention can be dictated by its organized as opposed to by its substance. The logical strategy was utilized by Aristotle in his thinking contentions. Aristotle established a school in Greece called Lyceum. He educated in this school for a long time where he built up his philosophical treatises. During his talks Aristotle would consistently stroll around. His supporters imitated his strolling around and as a result they got known as peripatetics which implied â€Å"to walk about† (Iep). The compositions of Aristotle were held by his understudy Theophrastus. Inevitably the compositions were given to Theophrastus protã ©gã © Neleus. Neleus shielded the books from being taken by keeping them secured a vault. The soddenness and moths of the vault harmed a portion of the books. The books were secluded from everything for longer than a century. At that point in 100 B.C. they were found by Apellicon who carried them to Athens. A couple of decades later the books arrive at Rome. It was in Rome that Aristotle writing grabbed the eye of researchers. The Aristotle compositions concentrated in Rome are a similar writing today’s scholarly network is considering. Crafted by Aristotle is characterized into three classes: discoursed and works of well known character, assortments of certainty and material from logical treatment, and deliberate works (Iep, 2005). One of Aristotle most renowned works is One the Polity of the Athens. The orderly arrangements of Aristotle were bunch into five divisions which are rationale, physical works, mental works, takes a shot at mankind's history, and philosophical works (Iep). The point of Aristotle intelligent treatises was to build up a general of thinking by it which it could be

Factors Influencing Strategy Implementation - Free Essay Example

The aim of this module is to produce a 4000 word research proposal that would be capable for supporting the preparation of a Masterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s dissertation. The project report would include an introduction including a title, which would highlight the content of this business document providing a background, informing the reader of the problem / issue at hand and the context of the situation that would be discussed. The research issue would be provided highlighting the importance of the issue in todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ever-changing and competitive, cut-throat business environment. Adequate linkages would be provided to co-relate the research aims, research objectives, research questions and the hypothesis as such generated. A coherent and critical literature review would follow demonstrating the knowledge of the literature available and linking it to the situation which would be investigated. A research design and methodology would be adopted to investigate the concerned issue providing a rationale as to how the research objectives are to be accomplished explaining the selection of the research paradigm. The research design would include the methods of data capture, the data access issues, the analysis and the interpretation means that would be used to assess the situation and appropriate reasons would be provided for the choice of research tools used. Relevant ethical issues underpinning the research objectives would also be discussed along-with the resources required to complete the research proposal. The last part of this management report would include a timetable that would provide the time that it took to complete each part of the research proposal along-with a list of references utilized to complete the report. INTRODUCTION TITLE: FACTORS INFLUENCING STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION BACKGROUND The title of this research proposal is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“factors influencing strategy implementationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Before we discuss the issue and highlight the importance of the issue in the context of the report it is of prime importance to understand the concept of strategy implementation itself. It is the process by which the business strategy formulated is put into action. It includes the design and management of organizational systems to achieve the best integration of people and structure, allocating resources, managing human resources and developing information and decision processes to achieve organizational objectives. Pierce and Robinson  note that to effectively direct and control the use of the firms resources, mechanisms such as organizational structure, information systems, leadership styles, assignment of key managers, budgeting, rewards, and control systems are essential strategy implementation ingredients. After the creative and analytical aspects of the corporate strategy have been formulated the priority of the management is to convert the strategy into operationally effective action. A strategy is never complete, until it gains a commitment of the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s resources and becomes embodied in its organizational structure. Strategy implementation is an iterative process of implementing strategies, policies, programs and action plans that allows a firm to utilize its resources to take advantage of opportunities in the competitive environment (Harrington, 2006). There is no one definition of strategy implementation as seen from the above citations but for the purpose of this report, taking into consideration the definitions above we can define strategy implementation as an iterative, dynamic and a complex process, which comprises of series of decisions and activities by the management and the administration those affected by many interrelated internal and external factors, to turn strategic plans into reality in order to achieve the objectives of the firm. RATIONALE FOR THE STUDY This part of the report would highlight the aim and the objectives of the research, discussing the issue chosen and its importance by proposing a research question and providing an answer to it in the literature review. Many studies have acknowledged that business strategies often fail not because of inadequate strategy formulation, but because of an inappropriate implementation strategy. This report would study the factors that enable or impede effective strategy implementation. This report would highlight how strategy implementation has been researched so far and how this field may be moved forward so as to help in effective execution of a business strategy. As a result of the literature review undertaken, the report has found nine critical factors for strategy implementation that will be discussed further in the literature. Formulation of an effective strategy, making the strategy work and implementing it throughout the company is a difficult task (Hrebiniak, 2006). Many factors potentially affect the process by which strategic plans are turned into organizational action. Unlike strategy formulation, strategy implementation is more of a craft, rather than a science. After successful formulation of the business strategy, difficulties usually arise during the subsequent implementation process. If the business strategy formulated is not applied correctly to all the aspects of the organisational structure the business model would fail, thus harming the organisation in many aspects, the major being the financial capability of the firm, which would take a huge blow. It is of prime importance to get the implementation right otherwise there would be huge losses for the firm. Noble (1999b) notes, the best-formulated strategies may fail to produce superior performance for the firm if they are not successfully implemented. This issue is of utmost importance in todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s day and age because of the cut-throat competition in the ever-changing business world where each firm needs to keep re-modelling their policies and procedures to keep up with the change in the external and internal business environment. There are combination of issues that influence the success of strategy implementation, ranging from the people who communicate or implement the strategy to the systems or mechanisms in place for co-ordination and control. How can we better understand these issues and their importance for successful strategy implementation? In this report we try to respond to this question by the critical analysis of the existing research on the factors that influence strategy implementation. An analysis has been conducted of the most widely used literature databases to identify key factors influencing the process of strategy implementation, to surface current areas of agreement and disagreement on the topic. LITERATURE REVIEW In the following section, the report would review the study sources and assess their research context, theoretical bases, their main results and the research methods used as well as the analytical techniques which are employed for the study. The examined organizational levels and organizational types are the two elements of the research context. The core of the literature review, would concentrate on the nine factors identified through rigorous analysis of the study sources, that play a role in influencing strategy implementation success, as well as the frameworks or models that aggregate or relate the relevant factors to each other. This is followed by the discussion of the theoretical bases of the reviewed studies. Finally, the research methods and analytical techniques adopted will be reviewed to see which methods are still underutilized in the context of strategy implementation. By carrying out a literature review of the existing studies, the report found two types of strategy implementation studies: one that highlight the importance of the individual factors for strategy implementation and the second that emphasize the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“big pictureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ of how the single factors interrelate and form a strategic implementation environment. The research would highlight nine recurring, individual factors that influence strategy implementation. They are namely the strategy formulation process, the strategy executors (managers, employees), the organizational structure, the communication activities, the level of commitment for the strategy, the consensus regarding the strategy, the relationships among different units/departments and different strategy levels, the employed implementation tactics, and the administrative system in place. THE NINE FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE STARTEGY IMPLEMENTATION 1. Strategy Formulation If the corporate strategy drafted by the business is a poor or a vague strategy, then it can limit the implementation efforts dramatically. Good execution cannot overcome the shortcomings of a bad strategy or a poor strategic planning effort (Hrebiniak, 2006). Several studies mention the fact that the kind of strategy that is developed (Alexander, 1985; Allio, 2005) and the actual process of strategy formulation, namely, how a strategy is developed (KimMauborgne, 1993; Singh, 1998) will influence the effect of implementation. Alexander (1985) believes that the need to start with a formulated strategy that involves a good idea or concept is the most crucial and critical factor which helps promoting its successful implementation. As Allio notes, good implementation naturally starts with good strategic input: the soup is only as good as the ingredients (Allio, 2005). 2. Relationships among different departments and different strategy levels Many studies in the concerned field have stressed that the institutional relationships among different units/departments and different strategy levels play a major role in the outcome of strategy implementation (Walker Ruekert, 1987; Gupta, 1987; Slater Olson, 2001; Chimhanzi, 2004; Chimhanzi Morgan, 2005). Walker Ruekert note that marketing policies, inter-functional structures and processes, corporate-business unit relationships and processes are a major influence on business strategy implementation. In addition, allocation of resources, functional competencies, inter-functional conflict, decision-making participation and influence, and coordination also have different effects on the implementation of various kinds of business strategies. Implementation effectiveness is negatively affected by conflict and positively affected by interpersonal communication and not written. Such interdepartmental dynamics are affected by senior management support informal integration and joint re ward systems. Other relationships that have received attention to a lesser extent include finance, manufacturing, engineering, quality, marketing, accounting, and sales. 3. Executors Executors comprise the top management, middle management, lower management and non-management. Effectiveness of strategy implementation is, at least in part, affected by the quality of people involved in the process (Govindarajan, 1989). The quality refers to the capabilities, experience, skills, attitudes, and other characteristics of people required by a specific position (Peng Litteljohn, 2001). Findings indicate that strategy implementation effectiveness, critically depends on the human or people side of project management, and less on organization and systems related factors. Top management refers to the senior-level leaders including presidents, owners, and other high ranking executives (CEO, CFO, COO etc.) and senior-level managers. Hrebiniak and Snow (1982) report that the level of interaction and participation among the top management team typically leads to greater commitment to the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s goals and strategies. This, in turn ensures the successful implementation of the strategy. Gupta and Govindarajan (1984) note that greater the marketing and sales experience of middle managers, the greater would be their willingness to take risk and successfully implement the strategy. Heracleous (2000) also finds that if middle management do not agree with the strategy, or do not feel that they have the skill set to implement it, then they would sabotage its implementation. Middle managers expect the direction from the top management but frequently feel that they are in a better position to start and evaluate alternative courses of action. Also, the lack of shared knowledge with lower-level management and non-management employees would create a barrier to successful strategy implementation. 4. Communication Many researchers have emphasized the importance of adequate communication channels for the process of strategy implementation. Alexander (1985) notes that communication is mentioned more frequently than any other single item that promotes successful strategy implementation. Communication includes explaining what new responsibilities, tasks, and duties need to be performed by the employees in order to implement the strategy. It answers the why behind the changed job activities, and explains the reasons why the new strategic decision was made. Rapert and Wren (1998) find that organizations where employees have easy access to management through open and supportive communication channels outperform those with more restrictive communication environments. Effective communication is a fundamental requirement for any effective strategy implementation. Organizational communication plays an important role in training, knowledge acquisition and applied learning during the process of implementation. In fact, communication is vital in every aspect of strategy implementation, as it relates in to the organizational context, organizing processes and the implementation objectives. 5. Implementation Tactics Nutt (1986) stipulates four types of implementation tactics used by managers in making planned changes: intervention, participation, persuasion, and edict. Intervention refers to strategy adjustments made during the implementation stage by introducing new practices and norms. Participation includes formulating strategic goals and nominating a task force that can develop and propose the corresponding implementation options. Persuasion is the tactic which uses involved parties to convince the employees about the desired course of actions. The issuing of directives is the main focus of the implementation tactic edict. Lehner (2004) considers the implementation tactics as genuine organizational behaviour based on the assumption that implementation in general is dependent on the environment, and various strategic and corporate variables. 6. Consensus Nielsen (1983) notes that firms must achieve consensus both within and outside their organization in order to successfully implement business strategies. The consensus about a firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s strategy may differ across the operation channels within the company. If the employees of the company are not on the same information level or if information passes through many layers in the organization, a lower level of consensus would result. This lack of shared understanding may create obstacles to successful strategy implementation.(Noble, 1999b). Floyd and Wooldridge (1992a) label the gulf between strategies conceived by top management and awareness at lower levels as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“implementation gapà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Strategic consensus is the agreement between the top, middle, and lower-level managers on the fundamental policies of the organization. Strategic decisions are initiated by a team of top managers and then mandated to the rest of the organization, overlooking the importance of securing consensus with and commitment to the organizational strategy with the lower level employees, which is a big barrier for effective strategy implementation. 7. Commitment Strategy implementation process may fail if the strategy does not achieve support and commitment by the majority of employees and the middle management. Shared understanding without commitment would result in à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"counter effortà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and may negatively affect the organisational performance. The understanding between middle management and those at the operational level to that of the top management teamà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s strategic goals is of prime importance to successful implementation. Noble Mokwa (1999) have put forward three dimensions of commitment that are central factors which directly influence strategic outcomes: organizational commitment, strategy commitment and role commitment. Organizational commitment is the extent to which a manager identifies with and works toward organization-related goals and values. Strategy commitment is the extent to which a manager comprehends and supports the goals and objectives of an implementation strategy. Role commi tment is the extent to which a manager is determined to perform his individual implementation responsibilities, regardless of his personal beliefs about the overall strategy. 8. Organisational Structure The type of strategy adopted could differ in many ways and have different requirements regarding an adequate organizational structure. Factors relating to the organizational structure are the second most important implementation barrier according to Heide GrÃÆ' ¸nhaug Johannessenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (2002) study. Drazin and Howard (1984) stipulate that a proper alignment of the strategy with the organisational structure is an important pre-requisite for successful implementation of a corporate business strategy (Noble, 1999b). They note that changes in the competitive environment require adjustments to the organizational structure. If an organisationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s realignment strategies are lacking, it may exhibit poor performance and be at a major competitive disadvantage. 9. Administrative Systems Roth, Schweiger Morrison (1991) study suggests that organisational business units make use of three administrative mechanisms which are formalization, integrating mechanisms, and centralization, to create operational capabilities of configuration, managerial philosophy and coordination, to support business strategy implementation. Some researchers have also focused on the control systems which are one of important ingredients of administrative systems (Drazin Howard, 1984; Nilsson Rapp, 1999). Drazin and Howard (1984) discuss about the role of formal control system in the process of strategy implementation, and suggest that the fluidity of control system contribute to strategy implementation (Noble, 1999b). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY This part of the project report would focus on the research design and methodology adopted to carry out the research of the issue chosen which is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the factors influencing strategy implementationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. The following literature would highlight the components of the research paradigm chosen to accomplish the study. This section of the project report would provide a detailed rationale on how the study would achieve the research objective put forth in the title. This part would explain the methods of data capture used and the issues which would arise in gathering the required information along with the analysis and the interpretation techniques employed to achieve the research aim. Limitations would be included in the following report to make the reader aware of the shortcomings of the chosen methodology; the relevant ethical issues would also be discussed in the proposed research design along-with the resources required to complete the proposed research. The choice for the research methodology adopted is in congruence with the strategic issue chosen for the research proposal. The selection criteria to choose articles for inclusion in the research analysis: The articles which contain the keywords à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“strategy implementationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“strategy executionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? have been included in the literature .From this; further articles were identified using the references sections of the previously retrieved articles. In this way, the report also includes the articles which treat strategy implementation as one of the major subjects even if their title or keywords did not include the terms strategy implementation or strategy execution. As a final selection criterion it was checked whether the articles explicitly discuss factors impeding or enabling strategy implementation success. Data Collection Secondary Sources In order to identify the factors that enable or impede effective strategy implementation, the report has analysed relevant academic, peer reviewed journals such as the Strategic Management Journal, the Academy of Management Journal, the Journal of Management Studies, Long Range Planning, Journal of Management, Academy of Management Executive, Human Relations, Sloan Management Review, Journal of Marketing, etc. using the literature databases of EBSCO Host, ProQuest ABI, Science Direct, JSTOR and Wiley Interscience. Information has also been sourced from Google Scholar and books, newspapers, trade journals, industry portals, government agencies, trade associations, monitoring industry news and developments. The research data would be collected in different organisations or units of an organisation. The organisations were mainly professional service organisations, from both public and private sector. For example, finance, insurance and telecommunications companies, and government departments would be included. The size of the units under study would be 100 to 500 employees. The study would be qualitative in nature, main research method being semi-structured interviews. Primary Sources and Sampling In each organisation or unit, representatives would form three groups, namely the top management, middle management, and lower level personnel, would be interviewed using the questionnaire provided below. Altogether twenty-five interviewees per organisation would be randomly chosen: 2-5 persons representing the top management level, 4-13 persons the middle management level, and 8-17 persons from the lower level personnel. The interviewees would be chosen randomly, ensuring however that different tasks, work groups, and departments were represented equitably. The general topic of the interviews would be strategy implementation. During the interviews, the interviewees would fill out questionnaires, in which they would evaluate the various problem statements. The questionnaire has been given below: Q1. How do you define the concept of strategy implementation? Q2. What kind of issues would you associate strategy implementation with? Q3. How do you participate in the strategy implementation process? Q4. How are the policies pertaining to strategy implementation communicated within the different levels of the organization? Q5. Describe your own role in the process of strategy implementation. Q6. Evaluate the degree of the strategy implementation problems in your organisation. Data Access Issues Some data access issues might arise in the research journey, which could be the unwillingness of the employees to participate in the planned interviews hampering the information gathering capabilities of the subsequent research report along-with lack of co-operation from concerned companies which might not give permission to carry out interviews with its employees fearing a possible leak of its corporate strategy to its competitors. Also finances required for the successful completion of the information gathering process might not be adequate. Data Analysis The results of the questionnaires would be assessed, as well as the comments of the interviewees for the statements would be analysed. The main data analysis method employed would be content analysis of the interviews. The transcribed interviews would be coded accordingly to the central issues of the research. The analysis method would include historical trend analysis and linear regression analysis using software tools, judgmental forecasting, and conjoint analysis. Limitations of the Research Design The approach in conducting the literature review has shortcomings which should be acknowledged. The following are the limitations in the methodology adopted. Collection of articles has been carried out by relying on the databases of EBSCO Host, Science Direct, JSTOR, Wiley Inter Science and ProQuest ABI and the report thus may have overlooked some critical viewpoints on strategy implementation included in monographs or specialists books. Some selective articles in the review, however, rely heavily on concepts from advanced books on corporate strategy thus making up for the shortcoming to a certain extent. The articles have been located using the keywords à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“strategy implementationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“strategy executionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. This procedure of gathering articles may omit some important articles. The report also excludes some very specific strategy implementation contexts, such as post-merger integration implementation. The research has discovered that most of the conducted studies in the subject focus on the influence of middle managers on strategy implementation. There is no special research relating to lower management and non-management, even if several authors have stated that it is important to consider their effects on strategy implementation as well. Another major research challenge incudes, a lack of understanding between the relationships among the nine reviewed factors, for example, there are major disagreements about the relationship between the variables of communication, commitment and consensus which the report fails to highlight. Also a limiting factor is that there are very few studies that systematically examine how different organizational units and strategy levels can influence strategy implementation, which the report has not included. Strategy implementation involves many theories including agency theory, social learning theory, expectancy theory, organization theory and social system theory. Because of the limited word count it was not feasible to include such theories in the text presented which is also a shortcoming. The lists of journal articles selected are not comprehensive enough, as many other issues could potentially affect strategy implementation. Such other factors, however, are less mentioned or not analysed in-depth, as many of them are also hard to control and modify. Research Ethics For research to be carried out successfully there are many ethical issues that need to be taken into consideration. It is very important to secure the permission and interests of all the people involved in the study. The people involved would be given assurance that any information obtained during the interview process would not be misused as this is the moral responsibility which would be maintained towards the participants. It is the duty of this research to protect the rights of the participants of the study as well as their privacy and sensitivity. The confidentiality of those involved in the observation would be maintained at all times, keeping their anonymity and privacy secure. Resources required for effective research The resources required to carry out the proposed research would require the support and co-operation of the supervisor in charge so as to provide guidance for submitting an effective research analysis report. Also would require permission from the industries chosen for the study of the research issue and the co-operation of its employees for conducting interviews. Adequate financial support would also be required to assist in the completion of the proposed research analysis report to cover the cost of commuting and resultant transportation fares. TIMETABLE TASK SELECTION OF INDUSTRIES FOR RESEARCH FOCUS DAYS 1-5 6-10 10-15 16-20 21-25 25-30 LITERATURE REVIEW/ CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF SECONDARY SOURCES OF DATA INTERVIEWING PROCESS INDEPTH STUDY OF VARIOUS SOURCES ASSESSING RESOURCE FOR CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK COLLECTION OF SECONDARY SOURCES OF DATA DEVELOPMENT OF RATIONALE FOR STUDY FINALLY FORMULATED RESEAERCH PROPOSAL

Trumps Position on Personal Privacy - Free Essay Example

In the last paper submitted for this class, various aspects of data security were discussed. The increased probability of cyber-attack and cyber-warfare, the history of data security at the governmental level and what events precipitated data security to be taken more seriously in the first place, and, perhaps most importantly, the importance of a position of coordinator at the White House for the protection of sensitive information. What was concluded in the essay written for the previous prompt about data security regarding this decision of Trumps was that he either believes that increasing cyber-security measures is not important and would not benefit the nation, or believes that the White House employees can handle cyber-security in a sufficient matter without an expert coordinator position. Clearly, both of these perspectives are worrying and simply incorrect to hold. Also discussed was Trumps use of the Congressional Repeal Act to repeal FCC rules passed in 2016 regarding Internet privacy. The conclusion in that discussion was that the decision to repeal such important rules clearly demonstrated that Trump and the administration act on the interests of big businesses rather than the interest and peace of mind of American citizens. This, in essence, is also the overall conclusion that can be made about Trump and the administrations stance on the issue of personal privacy. The following paragraphs will discuss the events that have occurred after those discussed in the previous essay for this course, with a focus on privacy at the personal level rather than the governmental level. Ultimately, conclusions will be drawn about the current state of affairs regarding personal privacy, the likelihood of more comprehensive personal privacy laws and the direction they are headed in, how much personal privacy is valued by the Trump administration, and finally how American citizens feel about personal privacy. In September of 2018, the Trump administration finally presented a framework addressing consumer data privacy: something many have been waiting for after his repeal of previous laws in the spring of last year. Trump had promised that the next framework would be better for both the consumer and for businesses, as it would be all encompassing as well as fair on the businesses-end; previously, major telecommunications were frustrated by the fact that big websites like Facebook were not required to comply with the same set of rules as the major telecommunication companies. Also a looming issue over the head of all organizations was (and still is) the fact that there are only state laws about data collection and data privacy but not federal laws. According to an article on Broadcasting and Cable, the new framework actually falls short of Trumps promise. The way that John Eggerton described the policy was that the administration was presenting broad-brush strokes that would create little to no dispute (Eggerton). He also pointed out that there were no specific measures nor action plan, no specific examples of ways that transparency, control, and security can be increased (Eggerton). The policy failed to mention whether there would be opt-out or, even more protective for the consumer, opt in systems implemented to be the basis of transparency. Therefore, worried consumers are still in the dark regarding the future of personal privacy and frustrated by a policy that is not transparent about the means of promised transparency. As noted in the article, this framework was intended to keep peace between the republicans and democrats, but only manages to do so because it is so vague: when it becomes time to discuss the specific measures to be taken, the administration will be left back at square 0 and left with a very difficult proposal to re-work. The National Telecommunications Information Administration commented on the policy, saying that the policy aims to create a reasonably informed user, empowered to meaningfully express privacy preferences, as well as products and services that are inherently designed with appropriate privacy protections, particularly in business contexts in which relying on user intervention may be insufficient to manage privacy risks (Eggerton). The wording of this is quite ambiguous, as the definition of a reasonably informed user probably varies widely from president Trump to a citizen whose information was compromised in the Facebook data breach, for example. Also, the statement says that products and services should be designed with appropriate privacy protections when Trump has claimed that the new framework will be superior to any from the past (Eggerton). Part 5 of the 7-point plan created says the following: Users should be able to reasonably access and correct personal data they have provid ed (Eggerton). Again, the word reasonable is being used. Does reasonable mean that it is possible for the consumer to access their personal data they provided, or does it mean that it is easy to access it? Based on the past actions of the administration, the latter does not seem to be the likely scenario. Part 6 reads, Organizations should take steps to manage the risk of disclosure or harmful uses of personal data (Eggerton). Using the word should instead of a word like must is another clear indication that the protection of consumers personal data is not being taken as seriously as many are consumers are demanding it be. This policy draft is likely to cause a lot of conflict between state governments and the federal government. Many states like California, for example, do not have a history of waiting patiently during delays in law making at the federal level. Following the discard of previous protections under the FCC, the state of California created its own set of net-neutrality laws, which required the biggest players of Internet providers like ATT, Comcast, and Verizon to treat all web traffic equally (Romm, Fung). Just as one would expect, these laws prohibited Internet providers from blocking access to sites and services, slowing down web connections or charging companies for faster delivery of their movies, music or other content (Romm, Fung). But, this was not just another common occurrence of law making at the state level: according to an article written for the Washington Post, some were even calling Californias net-neutrality law the toughest net-neutrality law ever enacted in the United S tates (Romm, Fung). The way that the Trump administration has handled the personal privacy predicament is likely to result in the same way: states like California are likely to become impatient, and draft a policy that is much more clear but much tougher than one written out by the Trump administration, and therefore not in alignment with the goals of the administration. Another notably tense relationship regarding governmental stance on personal privacy is that of the U.S. government and the EU. As discussed in the previous essay written for Management of Information Systems, the U.S. and England struggled to work together in the past due to clashing stances on personal privacy and data security. Both entities had positive intentions on collaborating on a safe-harbor framework, or a private, self-regulating policy and enforcement mechanism that meets the objectives of government regulators and legislation but does not involve government regulation or enforcement (Laudon 137). Under this agreement, U.S. business were allowed to make use of personal data from countries in the EU as long as the EU approved of the privacy protection policies that the U.S. developed (Laudon 137). Ultimately, though, ties were severed when the EU discovered that Facebooks massive data breach involved compromising data from European citizens as well. Come fall of 2018, and the European Union has arguably created the best personal-privacy law in world history. The law is called the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). This law puts emphasis on consent, control, and clear explanations (Tiku). What is unique about this law is that it no longer permits companies to bring up pages and pages of so-called fine-print, (which no one actually reads) on a users screen and then essentially require users to click I agree to use a companys service (Tiku). The new law requires brief and clear explanations of what is to be collected and, equally as important, why the information is being collected and how exactly it will be used by the company (Tiku). Consumers will have more of a say than ever before, being able to add or omit data held by the company at any time and also being able to limit the use of decisions made by algorithms (Tiku). Is a law mirroring the GDPR likely to be passed in America? Right now, the law protects citizens in every country that is part of the European Union: 28 countries. It is uncertain whether numbers alone are enough to put enough pressure on the U.S. to pass similar kinds of legislation. Something important to note, though, is that a mismatch in laws of this nature cause a lot of problems for business operating in both the European Union and the United States. Many companies are making its reworked data privacy measures demanded by the GDPR apply across the company on a global scale, as it is simpler than creating different systems (Tiku). Chief data ethics officer of data-broker company Acxiom, Sheila Colclasure, feels that the GDPR will set the tone for data protection around the world for the next 10 years (Tiku). If the administration cares about maintaining good relationships with other countries and international organizations, it should follow the same steps. According to the Pew Research Center, consumer confidence about the security of their data has gone down since the rise of the popularity of major social media networks like Facebook. A survey conducted by the research center shows how over 90% of American citizens either selected that they agree or strongly agree that people have lost control over how personal information is collected and used by all kinds of entities (Rainie). In addition, a strong majority of two-thirds have said current laws are not good enough in protecting peoples privacy, and 64% support more regulation of advertisers (Rainie). Based on the outlook of citizens and the administrations current efforts, it still is uncertain whether the Trump administration will take the opportunity to make a law like the GDPR.

Case Studies--War Makes the State, and the State Makes War

This essay is first concerned with the Charles Tilly’s principle around by histhe famous saying: War makes the state, and the state makes war. Meanwhile, I will explain the relationship between the state and its four activities: War Mmaking, State Mmaking, Protection, Extraction. The filiation of state and war will be illustrated later. I will use Palestine region will be used as the main case study to demonstrate this essay and I will try to use this example to explain more clearly with the relationship between war and the state. What kind of Oorganizational structure the Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO) was and its functions will be discussed in the case study. Moreover, armed struggle will be introduced and its consequences†¦show more content†¦Case Study- Palestine Palestine is a region between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea, situated at a strategic location between Egypt, Syria and Arabia. It is also the birthplace of Judaism and Christianity. Thus, this region has a long and tumultuous history as a crossroad for religion, culture, commerce, and politics. Palestine has been controlled by numerous different peoples, including Ancient Egyptians, Canaanites, Israelites, Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, Ancient Greeks, Romans, Byzantines, the Sunni Arab Caliphates, the Shia Fatimid Caliphate, Crusaders, Ayyubids, Mameluks, Ottomans, the British and modern Israelis and Palestinians. According to this, the boundaries of this region have changed throughout history, and were first defined in modern times by the Franco-British boundary agreement (1920) and the Transjordan memorandum of 16 September 1922, during the mandate period. (Agoston and Masters, 2009) The Jewish and the Arab both consider Palestine as inherent territory, which was t he one of the reasons led to Israeli- Palestinian conflict. Thousands on both sides died since the warï ¼Å'this had led to the creation of the Jewish state in Palestine and to the mass exodus of the Arab population in 1948. (Ã¥  ¯Ã¦ · »Ã¥Å   Ã¥ · ´Ã¤ » ¥Ã¦Ë†ËœÃ¤ ºâ€°Ã¥Å½â€ Ã¥  ²) ‘The Palestinian national movement, was established with the express aim of liberating PalestineShow MoreRelatedThe Effect Of The Middle Eastern Conflict1290 Words   |  6 PagesIn October of 1973, a short war between Israel and its regional neighbors, Egypt and Syria, nearly brought the United States and the Soviet Union to the brink of war. The dramatic effect the middle eastern conflict had these two superpower’s relationship is both surprising and concerning. Prior to the Cuban Missile Crises of 1962, a series of threats between the Soviet Union and the United States created distrust and fear between the two countries. 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